Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament), 5 November 2025

257 contributions from 41 members. The official report.

1. Questions to the Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Planning

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Good afternoon and welcome to today's Plenary meeting. The first item on our agenda this afternoon is questions to the Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Planning. The first question is from Heledd Fychan.

Heledd Fychan (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

1. What work has been undertaken by the Welsh Government to ensure that the Minerals Technical Advice Note (MTAN) Wales 1: Aggregates continues to be fit for purpose? OQ63335

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

The Welsh Government continues to be in regular contact with the south Wales and north Wales regional aggregate working parties, which include local authorities, to discuss minerals proposals and policy matters. There has been no indication from the regional aggregate working parties that MTAN 1 does not continue to be fit for purpose.

Heledd Fychan (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

Thank you for that response. The reason why I ask this is because communities that are impacted by quarrying do think that there is an urgent need for a review—for example, Craig-yr-hesg quarry in my region, in Glyncoch. The extension permitted is 130m from schools and homes. The stone crusher generating dust with silica content is less than 20m from streets and homes. There's a real, real concern about the impact here. As we understand better the impact of quarrying, surely it's time for a review and to ensure that MTAN 1 is fit for purpose, if not only to give assurances to those communities that really fear that quarrying is having a negative impact on their health.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

As I said, the working groups do believe that MTAN 1 does still maintain that status of being fit for purpose. But it should also be read in conjunction with 'Planning Policy Wales'. That is kept under regular review, and that sets out the general policies for all mineral development. The overall objective in planning for aggregates provision is to ensure that supply is managed in a sustainable way, so that we balance the environmental, economic and social considerations alongside the amenity impact of any extraction that is necessary, and that we try to keep the impact on the local community as low as possible.

I do know that the conditions and the monitoring are going to be absolutely critical to the concerns of local communities. There are conditions attached to the granting of permission, and they include conditions, for example, over the hours of operation, emissions of noise, but, of course, emissions of dust as well from the site and from the vehicles transporting minerals and materials from the site, as well as over times for blasting. I know that's been an issue raised in the Chamber previously as well. I am pleased now that the operators are working to set up a Craig-yr-hesg quarry community liaison group. The aim of that group is to provide an information exchange between the operator and the local community representatives. It will be made up of local elected representatives, council officers, members of the local community and representatives from statutory and non-statutory bodies. I think that it's high time, really, that that group was set up, and it will be a perfect place to have those conversations.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

2. How is the Welsh Government supporting the independent hospitality sector in Delyn? OQ63345

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

The Welsh Government supports independent hospitality in Delyn through non-domestic rates relief, Business Wales advisory services, and targeted funding. These measures help businesses reduce costs, access finance and grow sustainably so that they can play their vital role in town centres and our communities.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

Thank you for your response, Cabinet Secretary.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

In this context, I want to be clear that, when I'm talking about hospitality, which is often a broad term, I'm talking about those independent cafes and bars that we make much of, but they are also the making of our town centres, as you referred to. Last week, I visited Polly's brewery, just outside Mold in my constituency. It was established back in 2018, and, just last year, they opened a tap room too in the town centre. I'd definitely recommend it, because I know you don't just have a political interest, but a personal one too, like me. The visit was really illuminating, not just for seeing the process that goes into the brewing and how the brewery has developed over the years, but to learn actually what they do to support their staff too. They said they work on the basis that, when their staff is happy, it means better beer. COVID made them, like many businesses, rethink their position on staff welfare. So, they now provide things like ensuring that all staff enjoy a four-day working week as standard, amongst other things. But, obviously, they also touched on some of the challenges they face as a sector and an industry, whether that's rising staff or operational costs, including energy, or also things like export of the beer now we've exited from the European Union. So, can I ask, Cabinet Secretary, what is the Welsh Government doing, and what can the Welsh Government do, to support this really important aspect of the hospitality sector, and ensure a more level playing field, perhaps, with other aspects of retail and hospitality? But, also, what conversations are being had with the UK Government, for example, on things like VAT, trade and energy costs? Diolch.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I'm really grateful for the recommendation to go and visit Polly's tap room. I absolutely love that idea of when the staff are happy, the beer tastes better. I think that's a wonderful way in which to approach work, and very much within our own way of working in the Welsh Government, which has been led in many ways by Hannah Blythyn in terms of our social partnership approach and making sure that workers feel valued and respected in the workplace. So, that's wonderful to hear about.

We absolutely recognise how important independent hospitality is, particularly for the vibrancy and the viability of our town centres. Colleagues will be familiar with our Transforming Towns programme. We're supporting areas, including Mold and other Flintshire towns, with regeneration funding, with property improvement grants and also with placemaking grants. Those are directly benefiting independent hospitality businesses. I'd also point colleagues to our new weatherproofing fund, which is currently open to the hospitality sector. It does provide grants of up to £20,000 to help businesses create a better customer experience all year round, because we know it's important that customers are able to access hospitality during all weathers.

We are actively engaging with the UK Government on the challenges that do face the sector—for example, around VAT, trade and energy costs—to try and secure better support for independent hospitality businesses. But I'd also point to the work that we do through Business Wales and the support available for food and drink enterprises, including export assistance, for example—that might be in the future of Polly's—and also innovation support for microbusinesses through our microbusiness programme. All of those different interventions are helping those small, independent hospitality businesses to grow and to adapt.

Mark Isherwood (Conservative, North Wales)

Of course, I'm very keen to support real ale breweries in Delyn and beyond, including Mold's Novemberfest, celebrating local food, real ale and entertainment. However, I've been contacted, on a grimmer note, by many self-catering hospitality businesses, legitimate businesses in Delyn, forced to close, they tell me, by Welsh Government decisions. PASC, the Professional Association of Self-caterers, lobbying with the Wales Tourism Alliance, UKHospitality Wales and many regional organisations, have tried to head off the worst impacts of much of the Welsh Government's changes to legislation and taxation in Wales, and provided evidence to the Welsh Government on the damage these measures will cause. Last year saw the poorest trading conditions in almost a decade for self-catering. So, if you genuinely believe in supporting the independent hospitality sector in Delyn and beyond, when will you be carrying out an impact assessment and formal review of the 182-day threshold? Why have you continued to ignore their calls to allow further exemptions from the council tax premium for genuine businesses and to delay the implementation of the tourism levy until businesses at least recover to pre-pandemic levels? These are local people, local businesses and premises that are not suitable for primary dwelling for local people.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

There is currently a Welsh Government consultation, which is being led by the finance Secretary, which is seeking views on proposed refinements to the treatment of self-catering properties for local tax purposes. That closes on 20 November, and I know that colleagues will be taking the opportunity to make their submissions to that.

In terms of the kinds of things that the Secretary is considering looking at in future, one of those is allowing holiday let owners to use an average of 182 days let over several years. That means that those who might narrowly miss out on the 182 days in the latest year would remain on the non-domestic rates if they had achieved it on average over two or three previous years. Also, he's considering allowing up to 14 days of free holidays donated to charity to count towards the 182-day target, for example. Those are amongst the proposals that are currently in the consultation. I know that the Cabinet Secretary for finance was very keen to have two years of data from the VOA before considering refinements and amendments to the proposals and to the 182-day let rules. We do have that data now, so we're able to take a wider look at what the impact has been on the sector. We do know that more than 60 per cent of properties have been meeting that threshold. That's higher than the industry told us they would be achieving, and we also know that those properties are scattered right across Wales as well. So, we are able now, with more information, to look at whether there is a geographical impact, for example, and what the overall impact is. I think that taking data-informed decisions is really important in this space.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Questions now from the party spokespeople. The Welsh Conservative spokesperson, Gareth Davies.

Gareth Davies (Conservative, Vale of Clwyd)

Diolch, Llywydd. I’d like to raise an issue regarding the distribution of culture funding across Wales. While our national institutions, based largely here in the south, continue to receive the lion’s share of public investment, too many local community theatres, museums and arts groups in our towns and rural areas are struggling just to keep the lights on. Local authority funding for culture, heritage and sport has fallen by almost 30 per cent in real terms over the last decade, and Wales now ranks near the bottom in Europe for per capita spending on the culture sector. Spending broadly across the culture sector has been too low in the past decade, but on a smaller local authority level the situation is more desperate. We are starving creativity at the grass roots. If culture is truly for everyone in Wales, then it cannot be something that flourishes in Cardiff while fading in Caernarfon, Wrexham or Newtown. So, will the Cabinet Secretary outline what concrete steps the Welsh Government will take to rebalance cultural funding, to ensure that community arts and regional heritage receive their fair share, and that the benefits of Welsh culture are shared equally across every part of our nation, in every town and village?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I’m really pleased that our budget for 2025-26 actually includes an additional £9.6 million revenue funding for arts, culture, creative industries, heritage and sport in Wales. That really does mean that we have increased our day-to-day spend on the broader culture sector by 8.5 per cent this year.

Our additional revenue investment returns our stakeholders to the revenue budget positions in which they were previously, in 2023-24. That was prior to the reduction that was implemented as part of the 2024-25 budget. So, that really allows us to continue with our investment plans, revitalising buildings across Wales, and the assets of our arm’s-length bodies, completing projects that have been set out in our programme for government, but also new investment in local cultural assets, in line with the priorities and ambitions that our set out in 'Priorities for Culture'.

I do think it’s also important to recognise that there is fantastic work going on the length and breadth of Wales in the culture space, and many communities will be able to point directly to investment that has been made in their local area. I know that when the Minister launched 'Priorities for Culture' in May, he made a clear commitment to making sure that every part of Wales benefited from that, be it through museums, libraries, archives, arts and culture, or the historic environment as well. And he went on to announce further funding for non-national museums, libraries and archives, recognising how important those are in communities the length and breadth of Wales.

Gareth Davies (Conservative, Vale of Clwyd)

Thank you, Cabinet Secretary, and I’m pleased that you did mention sport there in your response, because rugby is more than just a sport in Wales; it’s part of our national identity, and it’s going through a rough patch of late, to say the least. But, recently, the Welsh Rugby Union has proposed radical changes to the game, potentially reducing the number of professional regions from four to three. We are told this is to create sustainability, but what it’s really creating is deep uncertainty for the players, staff and communities who depend on the clubs at the heart of our national game. The WRU’s finances and governance have been under fire for years, and yet the Welsh Government, which invests public money into sport and its grass-roots development, has remained largely quiet. The WRU is under significant financial strain, but, whatever their final decision, it will cause a great deal of upheaval for the sport, and many fans will, quite rightly, be deeply disappointed and feel shut out of the decision-making process. So, can the Welsh Government confirm what assessment they have made of the social and economic impact of the WRU’s proposed regional restructure, what oversight the Welsh Government has on the issue, and will they commit to ensuring that grass-roots rugby, community clubs and the north Wales region are not the casualties of the WRU’s final decision on this matter?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I know that we all want to see Wales as a really successful rugby nation. It’s part of our heritage, it’s part of our identity and it’s part of whenever any of us go overseas—we’ll probably end up having a conversation about rugby with somebody. So, it’s very much part of the way in which we’re seen. It’s part of our soft power internationally as well. The future of the professional game is a matter for the WRU, and we hope that the WRU continues to listen to the clubs and the supporters, who are the foundation for the game in Wales. Having said that, there's probably not much more I can say today because I know that this is a live issue, but we do hope that the fans and supporters are listened to.

Gareth Davies (Conservative, Vale of Clwyd)

Thank you, again, Cabinet Secretary. I'd like to, finally, turn to our heritage sector: our castles, historic homes and industrial landmarks that tell the story of our nation and reflect us as people. Too many of these precious sites are at risk and are falling into disrepair, but there is hope when innovation and enterprise meet heritage. Gwrych Castle in Conway is a site that has been on the brink of collapse until a film crew and a dose of imagination turned things around. When I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! was filmed there for ITV, the exposure attracted national attention, philanthropic donations and a multi-million pound lifeline from heritage funds. That's a perfect example of how filming and philanthropy can breathe new life into historic sites, creating jobs, boosting tourism, and preserving heritage for future generations.

Netflix productions in Wales contributed £200 million to the UK economy between 2017 and 2022. With every £1 Netflix spends on Welsh productions, an additional 80p is generated across the supply chain, and yet there is no coherent Welsh Government strategy to attract more of these partnerships for heritage sites. So, can the Welsh Government set out what active steps it has taken to attract more filming opportunities and philanthropic investment into our historical sites?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Well, our creative industries are absolutely a central part of our economic strategy, indeed it's part of the UK Government's industrial strategy, and we've identified our creative sector as being one of those that is ripe for even further growth. The latest statistics from 2023 show that this part of the economy continues to perform well, particularly in terms of the number of creative businesses that are operating here in Wales. So, we're really keen, when we do get these big international companies—Netflix, for example—coming to film in Wales, because we have such an incredible landscape, incredible heritage monuments and so on, which can be used as an impressive backdrop, that actually local people benefit. So, whenever we work with these companies, we try to ensure that there are opportunities for Welsh freelancers, for example, who make up a huge part of that creative sector.

We know that in terms of the latest data, which I referred to—that was 2023—there were more than 3,500 businesses in the creative industries sector in Wales, and that was an increase of 11.8 per cent from 2018. And in fact, it's above the average for the rest of the Welsh economy during that period, in terms of the 11.8 per cent increase. So, I think that it is very much a growing sector. It's a sector we want to continue to grow further, and it will be a sector that we're really showcasing at the First Minister's international investment summit very shortly to show the whole world what can be done in Wales and to really set out why so many huge international companies make Wales their location for filming.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Plaid Cymru spokesperson, Luke Fletcher.

Luke Fletcher (Plaid Cymru, South Wales West)

Diolch, Llywydd. Before the summer, Cabinet Secretary, you indicated that, following the completion of the offshore wind task and finish group's work, the Welsh Government would be turning its focus towards implementation. Now the task and finish group's report identified a number of key actions, several of which were due for completion by autumn of this year. So, could you please provide an update on progress across these areas and more broadly on the work under way to implement the recommendations of that task and finish group in full?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Yes, so, one of the key recommendations from the work of the offshore wind task and finish group was very much around setting out what the offer is for our ports for Wales. So, very recently, I published our ports prospectus. That was a document that basically sets out what the capabilities and capacities are of each of our ports in Wales so that they can use that document, we can use that document, to engage with businesses to explore what the future opportunities are, both in terms of floating offshore wind, but actually much more widely than that as well. I think that's been one of the key sectors and key outputs, if you like, of the work of the task and finish group, which has continued since that point, and also, of course, the work that we've been doing with skills and the UK Government's recent announcement in terms of future skilled jobs—again, that's a really, really important advancement.

I think, since we last spoke, we've had the announcement now of the successful bidders for the two leasing rounds in the Celtic sea—again, a big step forward. Now we know which companies we're working with, we're establishing those relationships to make sure that we do maximise the benefits and keep as much value here in Wales as we possibly can.

Luke Fletcher (Plaid Cymru, South Wales West)

Thank you for that response.

Luke Fletcher (Plaid Cymru, South Wales West)

Of course, the prospectus plays a really important part. One of those action points within the ports prospectus was specifically around jobs, and there were some very eye-catching figures in relation to jobs creation: 29,000 potential roles in Wales in that sector. Of course, just a month ago, we had Ed Miliband and Jo Stevens saying that Wales would benefit from 15,000 clean-energy jobs.

Promises of new jobs are not something new here in Wales, and I've learnt over the years to take them with quite a very large pinch of salt. We've already seen job projections in other Government announcements quietly revised down to the tune of thousands. Now, in the prospectus, the Cabinet Secretary says:

'We are ready, our ports are prepared, and the opportunity is now.'

Having had conversations with some key stakeholders in this sector, however, there doesn't seem to be that readiness from their perspective when it comes to the Government, particularly pointing to financial commitment in terms of investment in our ports. Now, risk appetites are a real variable here, but how does Welsh Government intend to resolve that tension? Because, without public investment to bridge that gap, both sides will wait for the other to make a move.

Some options have been highlighted: a recoverable grant from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero being one, and a bridging loan provided by the national wealth fund being the other. So, could I ask the Cabinet Secretary where she and her officials are in securing agreement from one or both of these investment vehicles to ensure that port development progresses here in Wales? We can't afford to tread any more water on this.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Well, I think we have seen advances in that space as well. We were really pleased that up to £80 million was confirmed in the UK Government's spending review for the port of Port Talbot. We've recognised the significance of our ports to support the delivery of offshore wind projects, and it was great to see the UK Government recognise that in providing that funding as well. I think that that is a big step forward and, again, should give confidence to the offshore wind industry, but also to the port, that it does have support from the UK Government. Eighty million pounds is no trivial amount of money. That's some significant investment.

And separately, we've seen investments at the port of Newport as well to make sure that that port is able to continue doing its important work. It's the largest steel-importing port in the whole of the UK. That's really going to be important for the future of Tata as well. So, I think that investment in the ports is happening, and now we have the investment prospectus, which is a document that genuinely is getting a lot of interest, then I think that we can see further advancements in this space as well.

Luke Fletcher (Plaid Cymru, South Wales West)

On the face of it, of course, £80 million isn't a trivial amount of money or investment, but, as I've mentioned several times in the Chamber, we are starting from an incredibly low base and behind many other nations who have been investing in their ports infrastructure now for a number of years in preparation for offshore wind.

And it's exactly the same issue that we're facing here as well when it comes to skills. The Cabinet Secretary was right to point to skills being an important part of our port-readiness strategy, and, of course, I welcomed that news last month that one of the five new technical excellence colleges will be established in Pembrokeshire. However, without changes to the way the wider further education and work-based learning sector is resourced to cope with the changing demands of the Welsh economy, this college ultimately will be limited in its impact. The skills requirements for floating offshore wind are incredibly broad, spanning a range of fields. So, I was scratching my head a bit when reading the detailed draft budget report and finding that the money announced for the apprenticeship programme will barely support providers to keep learners on board for their two-year programmes, let alone support growth for the network in key areas of economic development.

Now, I know this responsibility doesn't fall solely on the Cabinet Secretary, and I've made the point several times that it should be on the shoulders of a number of Cabinet Secretaries across all portfolios of Government. So, what I'd be really interested to understand from the Cabinet Secretary is what discussions have you had with Cabinet colleagues to ensure that the skills system is properly equipped and funded to deliver on the opportunities that we all want to see for Wales.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

So, we're currently progressing the delivery of the actions that were identified in our net-zero skills action plan of 2023. Work has now progressed on the sector skills road maps, which we aim to publish very shortly. The data is still being verified, but we're hoping to be able to make those public in the very near future. Those will include key projects, the skill requirements for them, the workforce size forecasts for those sectors that are associated with renewable energy in the first instance, and then we'll look at other green skills after that. And I think that those road maps will be particularly relevant for Medr and Medr’s planning processes, but also for Careers Wales as well, in terms of promoting careers in green jobs, and I know that the Minister with responsibility for skills has been having discussions with Medr, particularly, on this issue.

In the current academic year, we've allocated over £70 million to further education colleges for part-time courses provision. We know that this is going to be really important for reskilling and upskilling individuals to take advantage of these new opportunities. But it also includes investment in our flagship personal learning accounts programme, and particularly the part of the programme that includes a green PLA. That's there to meet the net-zero skills gaps in construction, in energy, in manufacturing and in engineering. And almost 1,900 individuals already have accessed the green PLAs. That was in the 2023-24 academic year, according to provisional figures that we have at the moment. So, this work is already under way. People are already, today, benefiting from the investment in green skills to ensure that they're able to take advantage of the important jobs that will be coming very shortly too.

Joyce Watson (Labour, Mid and West Wales)

3. How is the Welsh Government supporting the gaming industry? OQ63330

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Since 2020, Creative Wales has invested over £5.2 million into the games industry in Wales, and are excited about the potential it holds for long-term employment and skills development. We will continue to support Welsh companies in the sector to grow and trade internationally, as well as seeking inward investment opportunities.

Joyce Watson (Labour, Mid and West Wales)

Diolch, Cabinet Secretary. The gaming industry in Wales is growing. More and more developers are seeing Wales as an attractive country to set up their studios. A large part of this is thanks to continued investment from the Welsh Government into the industry through funding and grants, like the Creative Wales games development fund. Cabinet Secretary, it was great to see Hypertonic Games Limited in Pembrokeshire being awarded funding as part of the Creative Wales games development fund. How do we continue to promote this indigenous gaming industry in places like Pembrokeshire?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Well, I'm really pleased that, as well as being able to ensure that we secure that inward investment—for example, Rocket Science; it's an American-based video games service provider that will service AAA games and studios, globally, from their headquarters here in Cardiff—. So, as well as being able to secure that kind of investment, which we did at a previous trade mission to the games fair in San Francisco—actually, the original aim was to create 50 jobs in Cardiff, but they've already achieved over 60, and that does evidence the strength of the sector here in Wales—. So, as well as that inward investment, I'm really pleased that we're able to support businesses and Welsh businesses and people with fantastic innovative ideas in this space to grow as well.

So, Hypertonic Games were successful in their application for development funding to the sum of £33,000 for their project Nectar, which is an immersive virtual reality game, which is a beekeeping simulation game. But we were also able to support a range of other businesses as well. And we also have provided some dedicated funding and training initiatives for the sector, including the games scale-up fund for Wales—that's a partnership with the UK games fund, and that's a significant development for us, which has been warmly welcomed by the sector, and six Wales-based studios have been awarded cumulative funding of £850,000 to scale up the development of their studios and their intellectual property right here in Wales.

Altaf Hussain (Conservative, South Wales West)

Cabinet Secretary, the games industry has seen huge growth, both here in Wales and across the globe. Worldwide, the industry now eclipses the Hollywood box office, with nearly half of the global population regularly playing video games. The number of the games studios in Wales is impressive, and my region is home to award-winning e-sports teams. However, the future of the industry is not all rosy. The past few months have seen huge worldwide layoffs, games studios being shuttered, and AAA games being scrapped. It appears that the major players in the sector are being impressed and tempted by the new shiny toy that is artificial intelligence. Cabinet Secretary, what steps are the Welsh Government taking to both capitalise upon the flux in the sector and to protect our domestic studios from the turmoil?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I'm very grateful for the question and the recognition of the way in which the sector has grown here in Wales in recent years. That doesn't happen by accident. It has happened by specific targeted investment and support that the Welsh Government has put in place. So, since its inception in 2020, Creative Wales has provided over £5.2 million of funding for the video games sector in Wales, and we work with individual companies to support them to attend international trade fairs. For example, in March of this year, 15 companies attended the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco, and we were able to support them with that. And there's a new trade mission, on which we're partnering with Games London and the Department for Business and Trade, to support businesses to attend Slush in Helsinki this month. So, lots is already happening in this space.

I know that it's a sector with lots of ingenuity, and I know that they will be absolutely looking to see how they can exploit AI for the benefits of the work that they do in terms of game development as well. So, certainly, AI in many ways does provide challenges but also huge opportunities, and I know that they'll be looking to maximise the benefits of AI.

Darren Millar (Conservative, Clwyd West)

4. What action is the Welsh Government taking to grow the economy in North Wales? OQ63339

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

The Welsh Government is committed to growing the north Wales economy through strategic partnerships and targeted investment. Key areas include advanced manufacturing, low-carbon innovation, and regeneration, supported by the growth deal, free ports, investment zones, Transforming Towns and tourism capital programmes, to unlock long-term regional prosperity.

Darren Millar (Conservative, Clwyd West)

Thank you for that answer, Cabinet Secretary, but one area of potential interest in the north Wales economy that you didn't mention was the nuclear industry, which of course has significant potential for economic growth, job creation and the revitalisation of local communities in the region, especially through the potential new power station at Wylfa, and indeed new modular reactors at Trawsfynydd. These projects could bring in hundreds of millions of pounds of inward investment, create thousands of jobs, have wider benefits for the whole of the north Wales economy, and indeed plug the energy security gap that we have here in Wales and the wider United Kingdom. What is the Welsh Government doing to make sure that we secure those benefits for the economy and for our energy security? And why on earth didn't you list the nuclear industry as one of those key priority sectors when you just rattled off that list of things on your paper?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I'm grateful for the question, and I think there's no doubt at all about the Welsh Government's commitment to new nuclear at Wylfa. We've been making this case for many years, and I've spoken directly to Ed Miliband about the Welsh Government's support for that. We do hope that there will be a positive announcement from the UK Government on that and we'll continue to make that very positive case for it. I could have gone on ad infinitum in my list of things that the Welsh Government is delivering for north Wales, but the things I focused on there were things that are in active delivery at the moment, for example, free ports, and the work that we're currently delivering today in terms of advanced manufacturing and so on.

I will say as well that north Wales—and other parts of Wales, actually—have a real potential for contributing to the supply chain. I visited Boccard recently and saw the good work that they're doing in terms of what they're providing for Sizewell. So, that was a really good opportunity. I know other colleagues have visited to talk about their apprenticeship programme as well. So, it's not just about the single project; actually it's about the supply chain, the skills—all of the additional value that we want to be ready for here in Wales.

Peter Fox (Conservative, Monmouth)

5. Will the Cabinet Secretary make a statement on the role of Monmouthshire in the Welsh Government's economic development plans? OQ63328

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Our economic mission sets out our long-term vision to create a prosperous, inclusive and sustainable economy. We are working with key partners including Cardiff capital region, local authorities and businesses to deliver this mission across Wales, including Monmouthshire, which is benefiting from £4.8 million of Transforming Towns funding.

Peter Fox (Conservative, Monmouth)

Thank you, Cabinet Secretary. At a recent Monmouthshire County Council meeting on the replacement local development plan, the Labour deputy leader said, and I quote: 'I came to the firm conviction that Welsh Government were simply wrong. They, the Welsh Government, had a misconception of Monmouthshire, that it was some fringe authority with no significant role to play in the future of Wales or the region, with no significant economic role to play.' It's especially concerning that a Labour deputy council leader would express that view about their own party's Government. Thankfully, the deputy leader went on to say that, in his view, Monmouthshire does have a significant role to play, both regionally and into England. And I agree with him. Monmouthshire leads Wales in wholesale and retail trade employment, has the most businesses in scientific activities, is a major player in construction and is a key agricultural hub. So, Cabinet Secretary, I'd welcome your direct response to those comments and your confirmation that you see Monmouthshire as economically integral to Wales's future.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Monmouthshire is absolutely integral to Wales's future, and it of course is situated in a really important place on that border as well. So, it's really important that we work well across borders with England.

But I will say that you can see the level of support that the Welsh Government's providing to Monmouthshire through our investment in Transforming Towns. I think that that really does recognise how important and integral those particular communities are to Wales. For example, the investment that we've been making in Abergavenny, the refurbishment of the grade 1 listed Borough Theatre. In Chepstow, we've been providing property enhancements, high-street building improvements and improvements of recreational facilities. And in Monmouth, a pop-up shop scheme has been introduced to reduce the level of vacant units in the town centre, giving local small businesses a low-cost, low-risk opportunity to test out their business ideas. So, those are just some small examples of the things that we're doing through Transforming Towns in Monmouthshire.

And I will add, of course, that the leader of Monmouthshire chairs the Cardiff capital region. That's a really, really important role. And she leads that with great integrity, making sure, of course, that Monmouthshire is central to the plans for the future as well, alongside the other parts of that region. So, I hope I've managed to put your mind at rest that the Welsh Government absolutely recognises the role that Monmouthshire plays across all sectors, from construction to agriculture.

Siân Gwenllian (Plaid Cymru, Arfon)

6. What discussions has the Cabinet Secretary had with the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Welsh Language on the recommendations of the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities' report on town and country planning, published in February 2025? OQ63343

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I've met with the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Welsh Language at least twice to discuss this matter, and our officials continue to be in regular dialogue to develop our response.

Siân Gwenllian (Plaid Cymru, Arfon)

The authors of the report note that town and country planning is central to the future of the Welsh language as a community language, and that there is a consensus that new policy steps need to be put in place in planning in relation to the Welsh language, if we are to ensure the linguistic sustainability of our communities. There are 14 recommendations in the report. They are important recommendations. So, could you tell us more about the discussions that you are having in order to see what the Government is doing to implement these recommendations? It would be a huge shame if this report were to be just another of those reports that are presented to Government and just stay on the shelf.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

It’s an incredibly useful report, and I absolutely agree that planning policy can be a really important tool in terms of supporting the Welsh language. 'Planning Policy Wales' does identify that Welsh language considerations can be considered as a key part of the evidence that is required to inform the local development plan, and therefore the strategy for the delivery of housing in the plan. One of the key sustainable placemaking outcomes of 'Planning Policy Wales' is that we create and sustain communities that will enable the Welsh language to thrive. So it is very much there at the heart of our planning policy.

I do want to thank the commission for the focus that they've given to this and for the specific recommendations in relation to how town and country planning can support the Welsh language. We are waiting now for the judicial review process to conclude before we're able to formally consider how we respond to those recommendations, because there might be further changes as a result of that. But, as I say, we really welcome those recommendations and will respond as soon as we're able to.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

7. What assessment has the Cabinet Secretary made of the challenges facing the tourism sector in Powys? OQ63352

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Visit Wales addresses rural tourism challenges by promoting sustainable, year-round growth and the natural and cultural assets that attract visitors to rural areas. We continue to engage with stakeholders in the tourism sector to ensure that our approach supports local businesses and communities and enhances visitor experiences across Powys.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

Thank you very much, Cabinet Secretary, for that answer. However, a lot of the tourism businesses in my constituency feel under siege from some of the policies that are coming forward from this Welsh Labour Government, like the 182-day threshold, the tourism tax and the national insurance rise in Westminster. Cabinet Secretary, anybody with an ounce of common sense would realise that these policies are going to really detriment those tourism businesses, costing jobs and businesses being forced to close. So, Cabinet Secretary, with the uncertainty facing our economic climate across Wales and the United Kingdom, do you think it’s about time that these policies were ditched so that we can actually show that we support our tourism businesses right the way across Wales?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I’m really pleased that tourism has been identified as one of the key themes in the mid Wales growth deal. The Welsh Government has committed £55 million to that growth deal, together with £55 million from the UK Government, so that combined investment of £110 million is expected to generate a total investment of up to £400 million for the mid Wales economy by 2032. So, clearly, with tourism as a central plank of that, the sector should benefit, and growing the rural sector is part of our wider tourism strategy. ‘Welcome to Wales’ is one of the ways in which we promote Wales internationally, and the rural economy is absolutely a regular part of our discussions with the visitor economy forum, which advises Welsh Government on matters affecting tourism.

The visitor levy could directly benefit Powys, should it decide to do it. It could help fund better amenities, protect natural assets and support local jobs. I know that Powys is asking for views from its constituents at the moment in terms of what their views might be on that in future, and, again, I’d encourage people to have their say on that consultation.

Russell George (Conservative, Montgomeryshire)

I don’t agree at all, Cabinet Secretary, that Powys businesses would benefit from the tourist levy, if the local authority agreed to implement that; I believe it would be really hugely damaging to the Powys economy. But specifically on the 182-day rule, that is really impeding lots of small businesses, and they are businesses, although I know that’s not the Welsh Government’s definition. Could you give any update in terms of when that could be reviewed and a sensible approach could be taken on having a much lower level of requirement, in terms of reducing that 182-day requirement that exists at the moment?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

So, you’ll have heard my response to a previous speaker this afternoon on the 182 days, and I referred to the consultation that the Welsh Government is currently undertaking in terms of refinements that could be made to the way in which that policy is implemented, and, again, I’d encourage everybody to have their say on that. But I also referred to the fact that now we do have two years’ worth of data from the Valuation Office Agency, it does help us to gain that deeper understanding now of the impacts.

Powys has said it’s not minded to introduce the visitor levy, but that is entirely a choice for Powys. That’s one of the things that we were very clear on from the start of the development of the visitor levy is that it should be for local authorities to decide, based on what they understand to be best for their local communities. But I do think it’s really positive that Powys, alongside having stated its initial intent, is open to listening to views from businesses, from the community, and from others in terms of how they might go ahead thinking about that policy in the future.

Alun Davies (Labour, Blaenau Gwent)

8. Will the Cabinet Secretary make a statement on the Welsh Government's progress in developing an economic development plan for the Heads of the Valleys? OQ63351

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Officials continue to work with Cardiff capital region, exploring joint opportunities to maximise economic opportunities for the Heads of the Valleys, using established programmes and governance arrangements. This approach prioritises delivery using shared principles and evidence to align investment, strengthening delivery and maximising impact across the northern Valleys area.

Alun Davies (Labour, Blaenau Gwent)

I'm grateful to the Cabinet Secretary for that response. She will be aware that, last week, I was in Ukraine with our colleague Mick Antoniw, delivering aid to the people fighting the Russian invasion in that country, and that visit brought it home to me again just how fragile our peace is and the crisis facing the defence of western Europe at the moment.

This morning, I was in General Dynamics in Pentrebach in Merthyr, where they're launching the new armoured vehicle, the Ajax system, and also looking towards expanding across the Heads of the Valleys and putting down firmer and deeper roots in Wales. It's clear to me that, over the next few years, the defence sector is going to be a major sector of growth in our economy, providing not only high-quality jobs and research, but also providing security and defending our democracy and our values in this place.

So, what is the Welsh Government doing to support not only GD, but other defence contractors and defence suppliers across the whole of that sector to ensure that we in the Heads of the Valleys can benefit from the investment taking place from the UK Government, and also ensure that we have a sector development plan for the defence sector?

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

I'm really grateful for that question. I'm really pleased that the UK Government has identified Wales as being one of the parts of the United Kingdom that will benefit from a defence growth deal. We're in discussions with the UK Government on that at the moment. We think that we have things in Wales that are particularly special to us in Wales, both in terms of our capabilities and also in terms of our geography. For example, we have the special airspace, which is over both land and sea, which does allow for testing of autonomous vehicles and drones, and so on. We think that's really special and we know that the UK Government will want to maximise the use of those facilities. What's equally important, though, and perhaps more so, is that that innovation turns into jobs here in Wales. So, we're making sure that that is central to our discussions with the UK Government on the defence growth deal.

We're also really mindful of the fact that we have a really vibrant supply chain here in Wales; we have more than 285 small and medium-sized businesses in the defence sector that are part of the supply chain. There was a really important event at HMS Cambria just last week, organised by the Royal Navy, which brought together small and medium-sized businesses so that they could talk directly with Ministry of Defence representatives and others about how they can benefit from future investment in defence. So, we're absolutely going to see an increase in defence spend here in Wales. What is most important to us now is that that translates into jobs and growth within our communities.

I visited GD myself—a really, really important visit—and part of that was a discussion about their supply chain. They showed a map of the Heads of the Valleys road and all of the different suppliers and partners that they have along that. They described it almost as a kind of defence corridor, and I thought that was a really good example of ways in which businesses are employing local supply chains to meet their needs.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Thank you, Cabinet Secretary.

2. Questions to the Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Care

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

The next item will be questions to the Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Care. The first question is from James Evans.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

1. Will the Cabinet Secretary make a statement on ambulance waiting times across Wales? OQ63353

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I am encouraged to see that ambulance response times and ambulance patient handover performance have improved in recent months. I expect ambulance response times to reduce further across Wales with sustained handover improvement.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

Thank you for your response, Cabinet Secretary. Many people in my constituency feel abandoned when it comes to ambulance cover. I've heard numerous cases from constituents, some of them waiting hours on the floor for an ambulance. Actually, the new way the system works is that a lot of the Powys ambulances are based in other parts of Wales, sometimes leaving my constituency and the whole of Powys with no ambulance cover whatsoever.

I know this is especially felt when it comes to stroke services. We all know that we have to act fast in terms of stroke and make sure that people get that timely care. But many people in my constituency are facing over an hour and a half just to get to the nearest hospital. We're seeing stroke services move further away: Hereford's are going to Worcester, Merthyr's down to Llantrisant, and now Bronglais services could be moving further north or even further south. This is going to put more strain on people in my constituency. We don't even have the air ambulance anymore covering our area, which is a huge shame.

Cabinet Secretary, I'd like to know from you what specific and urgent action you are going to take to make sure that the constituents that I represent in Brecon and Radnorshire and the constituents of Powys as a whole can have adequate ambulance cover, to make sure that when they phone for help, help is on the way.

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The average ambulance response time performance for people in the amber category in Powys has been the fastest in Wales for the past three months. The average response time in September in Powys was one hour and 18 minutes, which is 15 minutes faster than the national average. In relation to the purple and red response performance, the return of spontaneous circulation rate, which is one of the new measures, for residents in Powys was above the national average in September. In the health board area during September, the median time to identify cardiac arrest was just over one minute.

We will obviously want to do whatever we can to build on that progress in all parts of Powys. There is significant investment, as the Member will be aware, in relation to the 'Six Goals for Urgent and Emergency Care' programme, and the ambulance patient handover target of 45 minutes is being improved on right across Wales, which is good progress. I want to see that happening faster, but we are seeing very good signs of progress in all parts of Wales.

Russell George (Conservative, Montgomeryshire)

Cabinet Secretary, there are some horrific reports of people waiting completely unacceptable times for an ambulance. There is a recent account in Montgomeryshire of someone showing symptoms of a stroke waiting for five hours for an ambulance. So, I don't quite recognise what you said in your earlier answer.

Response times are going to get worse without Government intervention. The Welshpool and Caernarfon air ambulance bases are set to close. This will mean that dozens of communities across mid and north Wales will have slower response times for emergency intervention. I will ask you: will you intervene to ensure that these bases don't close?

If not, as part of the proposed changes, so-called mitigation measures were announced, including the deployment of additional road vehicles for areas of mid and north Wales. That would still fall well short of what is truly needed. However, can you confirm, health Secretary, that, as promised, no Wales air ambulance bases will close across Wales until those additional emergency road vehicles have been deployed and are in place?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I am sorry to hear about the Member's constituent's experience about the long wait. That is obviously unacceptable, but the data that I provided is accurate data and does reflect that, in the amber category, in Powys, there has been the fastest response in Wales for the past three months, which I think is positive. Obviously, we want to see even better performance in all parts of Wales.

He will know that there has been a judgment of the Court of Appeal in relation to the service change. The matter has now been fully litigated, having had the Court of Appeal's decision to refuse leave to appeal to the High Court. So, the legal understanding and the legal analysis of the decision is now complete. The Member will be aware that it is not a decision of the Welsh Government, and it would not be appropriate for it to be.

The Member rolls his eyes, but I am sure that most Members do not want me to be deploying ambulances from my office right across Wales. There is a well-established mechanism for doing this at the local level, which reflects the needs of local populations. The decision taken has been one of the NHS Wales Joint Commissioning Committee, but it does reflect the policy expectations of the Welsh Government, to ensure equitable access and the best possible outcomes for service users right across Wales.

Siân Gwenllian (Plaid Cymru, Arfon)

2. Will the Cabinet Secretary provide an update on the establishment of a new health centre in Waunfawr in Arfon? OQ63342

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board were awarded funding under the integration and rebalancing capital fund in January this year to develop a business justification case for the Waunfawr primary care hub. My officials await the submission of the business case to progress further with the scheme.

Siân Gwenllian (Plaid Cymru, Arfon)

Doctors and patients at the Waunfawr surgery have been campaigning for 20 years to have new healthcare facilities. It is entirely unfair that the excellent doctors at the practice have to see patients in portakabins, in corridors, and even in the kitchen.

A new plan has been in place for some time, but I've asked you in this Chamber—not you personally, but I've asked in this Chamber time and time again—for a progress report on that plan. There is great concern again now, locally, that the new centre won't go ahead. There is no sign at all that the construction work has begun in the short term. The planning consent is in danger of running out, and that then is going to lead to greater delay.

So, to be entirely transparent, will you look into what has gone on, explain to people locally what has taken place and, more importantly, drive forward this project, so that there are new facilities developed as a matter of urgency in Waunfawr?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The fund that provides funding for this kind of redevelopment, the integration and rebalancing capital fund, as I said in my initial response, is operational across north Wales and across the whole of Wales. There are some 15 schemes in north Wales and around 38 across Wales, so the fund is working to do the work that it needs to do.

In terms of Waunfawr specifically, the proposal is interesting and it's important. We know that this can improve provision for patients, but it'll also be more attractive for doctors. And we also know that, in terms of value for money, there are opportunities there too. At the moment, the business case is going through the governance processes within the health board, and we're expecting an update from them in the next few months.

Mark Isherwood (Conservative, North Wales)

Justified frustration and anger have been expressed over the lack of progress by Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board in developing a new purpose-built surgery with improved access, parking and community space in Waunfawr, Gwynedd, to replace the current cramped and unsuitable premise. This is a region-wide issue, replicated, for example, in Hanmer surgery, south Wrexham, who continue to fight a similar battle more than 11 years after the existing building was declared unfit for purpose.

The delays, excuses and errors behind this only add to the primary care shortage in north Wales and the impact this has on the region's A&E departments. Meanwhile, cuts to community beds have worsened delays, the health board received more preventable death reports from the coroner than any other organisation in Wales, and it has a higher number of delayed discharges than any other health board in Wales.

A group of retired medics and nurses are campaigning to try and reverse the current unnecessary situation with deliverable proposals, including bringing back community beds. When, if ever, will you intervene and speak and work with these retired medics, and the GPs in Waunfawr and Hanmer, to understand and implement the solutions needed?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

As I mentioned in my answer to Siân Gwenllian, the solution needed is to provide integrated services at a community level in a way in which the health board would want to see, and that we certainly want to see as a Welsh Government. As I mentioned earlier, 38 projects have been approved for funding for capital. Fifteen of those 38 projects are in the Betsi Cadwaladr Health Board area, which suggests to me a significant level of investment in exactly the kind of facilities that the Member says he wishes to see more.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Questions now from the party spokespeople. The Conservatives' spokesperson, James Evans.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

Diolch, Llywydd. Cabinet Secretary, the British Medical Association and the Royal College of Nursing have brought forward a petition signed by more than 10,000 people across Wales demanding urgent action to end unsafe corridor care. Doctors and nurses report patients waiting for days in corridors, side rooms and even ambulance bays without privacy, dignity or respect. Yet there is still time for us to address this, Cabinet Secretary.

We've got the 'Winter well-being: shared actions and impact' report, which was published by Public Health Wales, and that highlights that there are going to be huge pressures this winter. So, will you commit today, Cabinet Secretary, to introduce a national standardised system of data collection and monthly publication on corridor care, showing how many patients are being treated outside proper wards, for how long and what were their health outcomes, so the public, clinicians and this Senedd can track progress and make sure that we have nobody waiting in corridors in our hospitals?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I don't want to see anybody being treated in corridors or waiting in corridors for treatment. I was able to visit the Prince Charles Hospital in Merthyr Tydfil earlier this week, where we are now seeing, I think, close to 100 percent compliance with the 45-minute target for ambulance patient handover, and, at the same time, no corridor care being provided. That is what we want to be able to see in all hospital settings: patients being brought quickly into the hospital, ambulances being released and patients not, as a result, being treated in corridors. It is possible to achieve that. It is challenging against a backdrop of incredible pressure, but it is not an acceptable way to provide care other than in the most exceptional circumstances, where, in any system, there is an element of that. So, I've been clear—and the Member will remember, perhaps, from the previous time he asked me about this, in the discussion we had on transparency a few weeks ago—that work is already under way to identify how we can best capture that data and make it available so that we are able to have a conversation that is informed by data on the ground.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

It's interesting you mention Prince Charles Hospital, because I actually had a friend there not so long ago who was actually in an overcrowded ward, pushed against a sink. I had another constituent in Prince Charles Hospital who spent four days in a chair receiving treatment. So, I'm not sure what part of the hospital you visited, but perhaps there are other parts of the hospital you should have gone to.

But that petition clearly calls as well for a pause on any further bed reductions across Wales until safe alternatives are in place. At the same time, Public Health Wales, in their report, warned that winter pressures from respiratory viruses, cold homes and delayed discharges will push hospital capacity beyond comprehension. Corridor care is the visible symptom of deeper problems in our health system: too few staffed beds and backlogs in community and social care. So, what specific capacity-boosting measures will you have in place before the peak in January, including staffed escalation beds, rapid discharging lounges and step-down facilities across Wales, to ensure that no patients are left waiting in corridors? Can you also confirm, Cabinet Secretary, how many additional staffed beds will be operational across Wales this winter, compared to last year?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

All hospitals have arrangements for surge capacity. This isn't fundamentally a question of the number of beds, however. It's about the system working in better balance and actually making sure that people have the services they need without needing to be admitted to hospital. So, there are very well-established and well-progressed plans. We brought forward winter planning this year to the spring in order to make sure that that community capacity is strengthened and that the ambulance service is working hand in glove with hospitals in order to make sure that, where people don't have to be transported to emergency departments, they aren't. In particular, in relation to breathlessness, a new pathway has been developed over recent months, which will enable patients to have the support they need for conditions related to breathlessness, which we saw, both last year and the year before, was the highest category of red calls on the ambulance service. A new pathway has been developed in response to that. And in relation to those patients who end up being brought to hospital because of a fall, because they're frail, there is now increasing provision in hospital sites to ensure that they don't have to be admitted to an ED. They can be treated separately and discharged in a prompt way, and we are starting to see the benefit of that.

I would just say to him once again that one of the challenges that, last year, he was rightly challenging me on was the number of patients in the back of ambulances over the winter months waiting to be admitted to hospital. We have the lowest number of lost hours in ambulances, which is how we describe that, of any point in the last four years as a consequence of the focus that the health service has brought onto this important issue. So, going into winter months, we are in a better position in terms of ambulance handover than at any point in the last four years. We all anticipate that winter will be challenging. The task we have is to prepare for it as best we can. I'm confident that we are doing that and that we have done that. There are always unpredictable aspects that come. We model for them as best any Government can. That is the situation we face going into winter.

James Evans (Conservative, Brecon and Radnorshire)

But, Cabinet Secretary, I know you've said this isn't about beds, but it is, isn't it? Because the British Medical Association have said this is about beds, and the Royal College of Nursing have said this is about bed numbers, and they are the professionals on the front line. With all due respect, I would take their advice over your advice, Cabinet Secretary. So, I will ask again: they are saying that there are going to be unprecedented capacity issues in our hospitals this winter, and that we need to make sure that bed capacity is increased, not reduced. You didn't answer my question, Cabinet Secretary, on that point. We need to see more beds in our hospitals—that's clear. I'd like to hear from you: are you going to put more beds into our hospitals, or is this Welsh Government going to continue to reduce beds across our hospitals, which puts more people in corridors and more people waiting out the back of hospitals in ambulances?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I wonder whether the Member actually heard the answer I gave previously, or whether he was preparing for the next question. The very first thing I said was that all hospitals in Wales have plans for surge capacity. But fundamentally, if the Member thinks that the solution to this problem is more and more and more beds, he is absolutely fundamentally wrong about that. What we know, everywhere, globally, is that if we continue to provide healthcare in the most expensive part and least convenient part of the system for patients, we will fail. The way to fund, the way to make the progress that we want to see, and the Member says he wants to see, is by supporting services in the community, and this Government is committed to doing that.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Plaid Cymru spokesperson, Mabon ap Gwynfor.

Mabon ap Gwynfor (Plaid Cymru, Dwyfor Meirionnydd)

Thank you, Llywydd. In June, the Cabinet Secretary announced a funding package of £120 million to tackle waiting lists, the latest in a long list of expensive measures that the Government have put in place over the term of this Senedd in order to tackle the backlog, which has built up to over 200,000 since the last election. In response to a series of written questions on the use of this funding, the Cabinet Secretary confirmed that £20 million from this fund was being used—and I quote—to maintain the situation delivered in March 2025 in terms of two-year waiting times, at least, while supporting a further reduction wherever possible.

To explain the situation in March, there were 8,400 pathways waiting more than two years for treatment, whilst the latest statistics show 8,700 such waits. So, not only has the minimum expected from this investment failed to be delivered, the situation has declined further. So, what is the Cabinet Secretary's explanation as to why this investment hasn't led to what was pledged, and why can't this Government get a grip of the situation?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Well, the Member isn't explaining the situation as it currently is on the ground. We've seen significant decreases in terms of the people who are waiting longest in our system since autumn of last year. What we are seeing, quarter on quarter, is a decrease in the number of people waiting over two years. We have a target of moving that towards nobody waiting for that period of time, and we are making progress towards that target. We'll also see, when we publish the next set of figures, a significant decline in one month in the number of people waiting for treatment on our waiting lists here in Wales.

So, what we're seeing is progress, quarter after quarter, towards that objective. The investment that we made into the system is allowing us, as well as reforming the way that we provide services, to make that progress. If it had been up to the decision that you had, we wouldn't have had access to that funding to be able to invest in the system at all.

Mabon ap Gwynfor (Plaid Cymru, Dwyfor Meirionnydd)

The number back in March was 8,400. The number today is 8,700. That's not an improvement. That's things getting worse. Of course, the £20 million I referenced in my question formed part of a wider package of funding, which, according to the Cabinet Secretary, was designed to reduce the overall backlog by 200,000 by the March of next year. To say that this is a highly ambitious target would be an understatement, and the stats bear out this conclusion. As things stand, you have achieved less than 2 per cent of the total expected reduction. At this rate, it'll take over a quarter of a century to reach the target, which would still leave a backlog of almost 600,000. Can you confirm whether the intention to reduce the total backlog by 200,000 by March remains your goal? If so, what exactly are you going to do differently to ensure that it's achieved by March?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

It is the goal. The performance for the figures, as I've just indicated, the next time they're published, will show a significant reduction in one month, and we expect that to continue month on month. I'm sure that he, like every other Member, will be hearing from constituents that they're being called in for appointments in the evening, on Sunday evenings, on Saturday afternoons, in ways that are completely unprecedented—that's the truth of it. So, it's the aggregate of all that additional activity in the health service, both delivering out-patient activity and other activity more effectively in the core provision, increasing the capacity to provide extra sessions in the evenings and on the weekends, and supplemented by calling into public use, if you like, that extra independent provider capacity to support the public NHS. A mix of all of those things will get us to the levels of reduction that we want to see. There has been a reduction, month on month, and we will see next month a significantly increased reduction, and that pattern is expected to continue until March, and I'm sure he would welcome that.

Mabon ap Gwynfor (Plaid Cymru, Dwyfor Meirionnydd)

One of the contributing factors to the long waiting lists has undoubtedly been the persistent pressure faced by the workforce, with unrelenting and increasing unsustainable workloads. Under such circumstances, you would naturally expect high demand amongst health boards for extra staff, especially as we approach the busiest time of the year for the NHS. But in a clear sign of the misalignment of available resources with the needs of the system, the very opposite is often the case. I'm sure the Cabinet Secretary will also be aware of an open letter recently signed by the students of the March 2023 cohort of Swansea University, who, despite each having completed over 2,000 hours of clinical practice for the NHS, have been informed that there will not be a single adult branch nurse post made available to them by Swansea bay. This is at a time when they continue to spend vast sums on agency nurses. And this is just one example of a wider pattern of young medical professionals in Wales encountering a shut door after shut door while trying to start their careers. Over recent months, I’ve been inundated with messages from recently graduated medical students who are struggling to find employment in Wales. In many cases, they were informed upon graduating in the summer of recruitment freezes of up to six months. It’s little wonder, therefore, why Wales fares particularly badly when it comes to retaining the enormous wealth of talent that we have been nurturing.

Can you explain why, given that universities are evidently being asked to provide medical training places by the health boards, that the likes of Swansea bay are now claiming they have no need for new staff in areas such as adult nursing, and nurses are graduating with no positions available for them?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Well, this is a complex area, and the Member, on other occasions, has been telling us we aren’t training enough nurses. So, I’m not sure what his analysis is of the problem, but let me tell him what my analysis is of the problem. I don’t think it is quite right to say that all the challenges that we have are ones that require additional staffing. So, for example, you might wish to go and visit some of these examples. I was at Llandough hospital very recently, looking at what they’ve done there in relation to the transformation of their cataract services, with the same staffing complement, with the same resource availability, but making very intelligent use of that capacity, co-locating it with other aspects of the service. And now they are at the top end of the Getting It Right First Time expectation anywhere in the UK in terms of the number of cataracts they’re able to deliver on the same resource base.

Now, obviously, with larger facilities, more resources, they could do even more, but I think it’s a false assumption that all the challenges in the system are ones that create a need for additional staffing. And the challenge, I think, for all parts of the health service is how we can make use of the extensive resources already in the system in a way that delivers an even better service to patients, and motivates staff to do that.

On the specific point he raises in relation to Swansea bay, he may be aware that Health Education and Improvement Wales, in order to seek to address the challenge that has arisen, has sought to extend the application window—the streamlining window, as it’s called—which allocates nursing graduate jobs, beyond the deadline of this week, for another three weeks, to enable more time to be found to identify a solution for the students. And my officials are working with both HEIW and Swansea bay health board to identify and to be able to publish further vacancies. And students are being reassured that they will be kept informed throughout, obviously. And should it be the case, at the end of that process, that sufficient posts are still not available, they will not be tied into the NHS Wales bursary conditions that otherwise they would be.

Natasha Asghar (Conservative, South Wales East)

3. What steps is the Welsh Government taking to improve the NHS complaints process for residents in South Wales East? OQ63327

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The Senedd recently agreed the National Health Service (Concerns, Complaints and Redress Arrangements) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2025, reforming the 'Putting Things Right' process in Wales. The strengthened complaints process, renamed 'Listening to People', focuses on early resolution and clearer communication standards, designed to support people if something goes wrong.

Natasha Asghar (Conservative, South Wales East)

Thank you for that answer, Cabinet Secretary. One of my constituents endured a truly unimaginable, tragic and upsetting incident not too long ago when seeking medical assistance for his mother following a nasty fall at home. I have raised this specific incident with you before, Cabinet Secretary, so I won’t go into too much depth or detail, but just as a brief recap for you and for other Members in the room, my constituent’s mother faced unacceptable delays for help, including shamefully long waits for an ambulance, a doctor failing to turn up due to her shift finishing, and when an ambulance did turn up, my constituent’s 98-year-old mother was forced to wait more than nine hours in the back of an ambulance before being handed over to hospital. But perhaps more upsetting of all was the fact that the doctor phoned my constituent, who was in the hospital car park at the time, telling him to make his way to the hospital as his mother did not have long to live. After entering the hospital a short while later, he was informed that his mother had actually passed away four hours prior.

Cabinet Secretary, quite rightly, my constituent wants answers to the questions he has over his whole experience, including what happened in his mother’s last moments, and I have been helping him get those answers. The Welsh ambulance service, as well as the Aneurin Bevan health board, have finally responded to the complaint, but it has taken them eight months, Cabinet Secretary, and a lot of chasing on behalf of my team. Now, my constituent has gone through the responses that he’s received, and he’s concerned that it contains glaring mistruths and inaccuracies. So, Cabinet Secretary, do you think that it’s acceptable that my grieving constituent has had to wait eight months for answers, and how is the Welsh Government ensuring that health organisations provide timely and, more importantly, accurate responses to complaints that they receive? Thank you.

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I'm very sorry to hear about the experience of her constituent, and she has raised it with me previously. It's difficult for me to comment on the specifics of that situation for reasons that I know she will understand. But it is in order to improve the experience that patients and their families have when they make a complaint or when they raise a concern that we have reformed, with the consent of the Senedd, the approach that the NHS takes to addressing complaints.

I am confident—I think we probably all are, given the support that the regulations were able to attract—that the new system will be more responsive, will be more transparent for patients, and, in introducing a two-stage approach with a higher value level of resolution, a higher maximum figure, that will enable patients' and their families' concerns to be addressed much more rapidly. And I can hear from her question that that would have been something that, obviously, her constituent would have appreciated in that particular context, and, in a way in which I think we would all recognise, the current system could be clearer and easier to navigate. I'm confident that the new arrangements that we are putting in place will have that effect.

Laura Anne Jones (Reform UK, South Wales East)

4. How is the Welsh Government working with local health boards to expand onsite pharmacies in hospitals? OQ63354

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The Welsh Labour Government is committed to a publicly funded NHS, paid for from general taxation, which does not drive patients into expensive private insurance. Following the independent review of clinical pharmacy services at hospitals in NHS Wales, health boards have been working to implement recommendations that support both the Welsh Government long-term plan for health and social care, 'A Healthier Wales' and immediate NHS priorities.

Laura Anne Jones (Reform UK, South Wales East)

Obviously, you didn't listen to me, Cabinet Secretary, the last time I spoke to you—Reform in Government next May will keep the NHS free at the point of delivery, as it is now, just to be absolutely clear.

Now, back to my important question. The Welsh NHS is constantly crying out for capacity, yet patients who are ready to go home and have the okay to do so are often stuck waiting hours, half a day perhaps, for their medication. This is inefficient and, of course, prevents many beds from being freed up. This is a particular problem on wards over the weekend at the Grange hospital in my region, where the onsite pharmacy closes at 12.30 in the afternoon on weekends. The transfer discharge lounge at the Grange, where patients wait to receive medication and arrange transport home, is an excellent idea for a multitude of reasons, but also, of course, to free up beds. However, I understand that, due to how busy it is, it could ideally do with more staff to manage the demand and, of course, the acute needs presenting there. It is a great idea, but it is only being fed by certain wards, not all. So, in some wards, beds are not being freed up like they should be.

Cabinet Secretary, are you looking to work with LHBs, like Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, to expand their transfer discharge lounge provision to all wards, which, of course, would take significant investment, but would pay dividends? Or are you looking to expand in-house pharmacy opening hours on weekends, so that beds can be made available far quicker for those that need them and, of course, patients can get back to their homes far quicker? Diolch.

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Well, Llywydd, so that the record is clear, the leader of reform, Nigel Farage, has on more than one occasion been very, very clear that he does not believe the NHS should be funded from public funds, from general taxation, and seeks the introduction of a private insurance system. There is only one consequence to a private insurance system: it is that it is based on an ability to pay—it is as simple as that. This Government will never countenance that situation. We believe in free health care, free at the point of use and unrelated to people's ability to pay. And it is a matter of great regret to me that her party doesn't subscribe to that principle.

On the specific question that she raised, she will know, as I mentioned in my earlier question, that there has been a review of clinical pharmacy services and there have been a number of recommendations about how to improve the service that pharmacies are able to provide to integrate pharmacy teams more fully into broader multidisciplinary teams. And hospitals right across Wales, including the Grange hospital, are implementing the recommendations from that review.

The Welsh Government issued a Welsh health circular that identifies five priorities in particular, which hospitals should be reporting. I do accept that it is important in order to ensure timely discharge of those people ready to leave hospital that they are able to access the medication that they need, and the recommendations that hospitals are implementing will have that effect. Of course, none of this would be paid for out of the public purse if Reform had their way.

Peter Fox (Conservative, Monmouth)

The Member does make a valid point about people being delayed from leaving hospital because they’re waiting for their medication. I think most of us have had casework on that, and those beds are very much needed. The Welsh Government have committed to improving and enhancing digital tools across pharmacies in Wales, with innovations such as electronic prescriptions, seamless care and improved app integration. Those improvements are certainly very relevant for outside of hospitals, but, for those inside the system, they may not be quite so effective. Therefore, Cabinet Secretary, would your recommendations you just spoke of talk of additional digital tools that could be available for our hospital pharmacies, to reduce the amount of time patients are waiting for that discharge medication?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The Member makes a very important point about the role that digital applications have in order to support pharmacists and, most importantly, patients in relation to this. The digital medicines transformation programme has as its aim improving access to medicines, with future plans for prescriptions to be sent electronically from hospitals to community pharmacies so that people can have the more convenient access that they need to treatments. But he makes an important point about access to digital tools within settings as well. He is right to say that one of the recommendations in the review, recommendation 36, was that electronic medicines management systems must ensure, on a consistent basis right across Wales, across all settings, interoperability fundamental to any plans for safe and effective patient care.

Paul Davies (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire)

5. How is the Welsh Government improving health services in west Wales? OQ63323

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Health boards in Wales are responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, timely and high-quality clinical services for their local population. The Welsh Government continues to support health boards to make improvements through setting strategic national priorities, additional funding and direct intervention when challenges arise.

Paul Davies (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire)

Cabinet Secretary, you will be aware of a report published a few weeks ago by the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales in relation to specialist services for epilepsy patients with learning disabilities. The report found that, when the Hywel Dda University Health Board's learning disability epilepsy service ceased in June 2021, the health board did not review the patients on its lists in a timely manner, nor did it provide adequate alternative provision to meet their needs. The ombudsman also found that, four years on, there was still no appropriate and accessible pathway in place to ensure that the needs of this group of patients were adequately met. Cabinet Secretary, this is not acceptable, and urgent action must be taken to address the health board's poor planning and communication and to ensure there’s a clear and accessible pathway for these patients. Therefore, can you tell us what the Welsh Government is doing to urgently address the poor service planning within the health board? Can you tell us what support will be offered to ensure vulnerable epilepsy patients are able to get the appropriate care and support that they need and that they deserve?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

The Member will know that the health board has been consulting recently on a range of service changes and the potential future direction for clinical services in its footprint area. I think it is incumbent, obviously, on all health boards to make sure that the way services are provided and configured meets the needs of their local population. I am aware of the report to which the Member refers, about the closure in 2021. I am conscious of the contents of it, and I intend to raise the point specifically that the Member raised with the chair of the health board at my next meeting with him.

Samuel Kurtz (Conservative, Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire)

6. How is the Welsh Government improving access to primary healthcare? OQ63322

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Improving access to the right health professional is a Government commitment. Our strategy is more preventative care from more integrated services, with people only going to hospital for reasons of safety or acute need. To improve primary care contractor services, we work with the NHS and professional representatives to develop and support those most familiar and accessed services.

Samuel Kurtz (Conservative, Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire)

Thank you, Cabinet Secretary. You will be aware that within my constituency is the Argyle Medical Group surgery, the second largest in Wales, with over 20,000 registered patients. However, they've only got nine general practitioners, whereas similar-sized surgeries have nearly doubled that at 18 or 17 GPs. Now, I've written to the Argyle Medical Group in good faith, offering support because it continues to be one of the No. 1 issues within my mailbag—getting access to see a GP. I'm disappointed as well that they've made the decision to shut the patient participation group. Now, I want this surgery, like every one of my constituents, to succeed. Their success is a success for the staff and success for the patients. So, Cabinet Secretary, would you meet with me and with the local health board to see how we can collaboratively help Argyle Medical Group to satisfy the needs of the 22,000 patients on their list?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Well, there's an extraordinarily high demand for GP services in Wales, as the Member will be aware—about 1.6 million contacts with GP practices every single month. There are challenges that some practices face in providing the level of access that we would wish them to provide. The Government is very clear about the expectations we have in relation to the access commitment, in terms of the opportunities available for patients to make the bookings, as well as alternative mechanisms for appointments to be booked. The most recent contract discussions with GP representatives included a provision for the health boards to monitor compliance with those standards in all parts of general practice. I hope the health board will be able to work with the practice to ensure the level of access that his constituents are entitled to, and I'll keep that very much under review.

Cefin Campbell (Plaid Cymru, Mid and West Wales)

7. What assessment has the Welsh Government made of the adequacy of specialist nurse staffing levels within Hywel Dda University Health Board? OQ63341

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Health boards are responsible for setting their own workforce levels to meet local needs. The Welsh Government works closely with Health Education and Improvement Wales and NHS Wales organisations to support workforce planning and recruitment. Hywel Dda health board now employs over 3,100 registered nurses, an increase of 25 per cent since before the pandemic.

Cefin Campbell (Plaid Cymru, Mid and West Wales)

Thank you. In recent discussions with Endometriosis UK and families who care for individuals with epilepsy, I've heard about serious gaps in specialist nursing provision across Hywel Dda health board. The only specialist nurse for endometriosis, for example, is presently on maternity leave and they haven't appointed a replacement for her. There are only two specialist epilepsy nurses available to work across three counties in south-west Wales.

Cefin Campbell (Plaid Cymru, Mid and West Wales)

As we've already heard from Paul Davies, the public services ombudsman has already found that Hywel Dda failed to provide adequate support for people with learning disabilities and epilepsy, and the service that was previously provided closed entirely following the retirement of a single specialist nurse. Now, surely a system that is dependent on single individuals is not a sustainable or resilient workforce. So, what we need is what we haven't got, which is a coherent and co-ordinated common service provision.

Cefin Campbell (Plaid Cymru, Mid and West Wales)

So, what specific interventions is the Welsh Government making to recruit and retain specialist nurses, and what steps will be taken to ensure that the national workforce strategy supports health boards in rural areas adequately to fill and retain these specialist roles?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I would agree that there are challenges in running a sustainable service when there is an over-reliance on a very small number of professionals. I know that Hywel Dda University Health Board is strengthening its workforce and is seeking innovative ways in order to do that. I think recruiting specialist nurses in west Wales remains a persistent challenge, unfortunately, and I think innovative solutions are needed to meet the unique workforce demands in some of our rural communities. I know, for example, that nearly 100 internationally educated nurses have joined the workforce across Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire as part of the health board's recruitment strategy.

As a Government, we don't set specialist nurse staffing levels for individual organisations. Our role, which we discharge, is to work with HEIW and NHS Wales to monitor workforce planning. The professional framework that HEIW has to support the development of advanced nursing roles in Wales is funded by over £2 million a year from us in order to be able to support that work, and that sits alongside the work of the strategic nursing workforce plan. But, as I say, it is incumbent on the health board to look at increasingly innovative approaches to meet the needs of the services that the Member refers to.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

And finally, question 8, Buffy Williams.

Buffy Williams (Labour, Rhondda)

8. How is the Welsh Government's investment supporting NHS staff to reduce waiting times for patients in the Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board area? OQ63347

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

Following investment from the Welsh Government and support to Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board over the last 12 months, there has been a 75 per cent reduction in two-year waits, a 67 per cent decrease in the number of over one-hour ambulance handovers, and an 89 per cent decrease in the number of over four-hour ambulance handovers.

Buffy Williams (Labour, Rhondda)

Thank you for that answer, Cabinet Secretary. Before the summer, I visited the mobile theatre unit at the Royal Glamorgan Hospital. I met the one thousandth patient to receive treatment there. The team are working miracles to bring waiting lists down at pace, and it's clear that Welsh Government funding has given NHS staff the facilities to deliver treatment faster. Nobody should have to wait in pain and discomfort for their operation, but, in recent months, I've heard so many positive stories from residents in Rhondda who've been called for surgery earlier than expected. Can the Cabinet Secretary provide an update on the future of these mobile theatres, knowing the difference they are making for patients and for staff?

Jeremy Miles (Labour, Neath)

I visited shortly after her, and the health board was telling me that they'd had the opportunity of showing the Member around the Vanguard facilities. As the Member will know, obviously, the mobile theatre unit was commissioned following the critical incident at the Princess of Wales Hospital, which resulted in the temporary closure of all eight theatres on the site. The current contract for the theatre unit runs til the spring of next year, as the Member will know. As a consequence of the capital works that we funded, the main theatre suites at the Princess of Wales Hospital are now reopened and are fully functioning. But the mobile unit can and will further assist the health board with its capacity on the Royal Glamorgan site, as there is additional maintenance work and replacement work that will shortly commence on the main theatre block at the hospital. So, it still has a very important role to play. It enables the health board to continue with a range of general surgery, urological and ear, nose and throat procedures whilst those main theatres undergo the essential upgrade works, so that we can make sure that people continue to be called sooner than they expected for the treatments that they need. It'll be a matter for the health board, then, to consider whether that is something that can continue beyond that into the future.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

I thank the Cabinet Secretary.

3. Topical Questions

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

The next item is the topical questions—two topical questions today, both to be answered by the Cabinet Secretary for Climate Change and Rural Affairs, and the first is to be asked by Peredur Owen Griffiths.

Peredur Owen Griffiths (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

1. What is the Government doing to improve community safety in the wake of a fatal dog attack in Monmouthshire? TQ1393

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Diolch yn fawr iawn, Pred. First of all, can I say we extend our deepest sympathies to the family and the community affected by this tragic incident in Monmouthshire? This is a deeply distressing case. You will understand it'll be inappropriate for me to speculate while the investigations are ongoing, but I can assure you the Welsh Government continues to keep dog control policy under close review, to ensure public safety.

Peredur Owen Griffiths (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

You are right, this is a deeply distressing incident, and my heart and condolences go out to the family of the baby that has died in this incident, and the whole community of Rogiet will also have been affected. The investigation, as you say, is ongoing, and we are yet to learn the breed of the dog involved in the attack, and it wouldn't be appropriate for you to comment on that investigation. Nevertheless, we know that admissions to hospital as a result of dog bites are on the rise in Wales. Indeed, a University of Liverpool study shows dog bite admissions in Wales nearly doubled between 2014 and 2022, with the most incidents occurring in the home. In my region, there have been a number of fatalities and serious dog attacks since my election in 2021. This is why I've previously called on the Government to introduce measures to promote community safety as far as responsible dog ownership is concerned. Can you let this Senedd know, as well as the many animal welfare groups watching that are also concerned about the rise in dog attacks in Wales, what has been achieved and whether you're confident that measures taken will lead to enhanced community safety? Diolch.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you, Pred. And as well as extending our sympathies to the family and communities affected, we have to recognise that this is not the only incident we've seen in recent years, including in this part of Wales, but in other parts of Wales and the United Kingdom as well. So, we have to use every possible measure at our control to deal with the issue of responsible dog ownership, but also control of dogs as well.

So, since the UK Government's approach in 2023 within the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, Welsh Government has taken a very proactive and, actually, what we would term a multi-agency approach. So, we work with many, many people out there with great expertise to promote public safety and responsible ownership. So, for example—. And Pred, my thanks to you as well for the commitment that you've shown to this area and the interest that you've shown in this. So, things, for example, such as the local environmental awareness on dogs initiative with the Gwent police force, which actually works in a very nuanced and intelligent way with owners to identify early on any issues—I'm not saying it's related to this instance, but identifying issues—that could be to do with behaviour of animals or, alternatively, could be to do with behaviour of the owners and keepers of those animals as well, and intervenes very early.

We also have the uptake of the responsible dog ownership courses, which are promoted by Blue Cross, another one of our partners. So, the idea there is that you engage with the owners in a similar way to what you would do with things such as speed offences and so on, and you get in early and say, 'You need to understand what is happening here. We can help you in terms of the way you approach responsible ownership and the behaviour of your animal as well.' And also there's the influential work conducted by Hope Rescue in the community and the support that they give to dog owners and also to mental health charities. And, of course, this is all backed up by what we do through Animal Licensing Wales as well, and the enforcement approach that they do, working alongside local authorities, breeders and the public.

So, there are many things that we need to keep building on, and all this is brought together, I have to say, in the responsible ownership forums that we bring together, when all those people sit around and say, 'What more can we do?' Because we cannot be complacent on this. But it's an absolute tragedy that we've seen once again visited upon our communities.

John Griffiths (Labour, Newport East)

Deputy First Minister, I'm sure, as we've heard, that all Members of the Senedd would want to send their deepest sympathies to the family on this unimaginable loss and the unimaginable grief that they're suffering at this time, and to trust that all necessary support is being provided to the family. The wider community in Rogiet, which is quite a tight-knit village, has been deeply affected by this, and I know that the community is pulling together to provide mutual support at such a difficult time.

As you say, Deputy First Minister, police enquiries are ongoing and it wouldn't be right to speculate in any way at the current time as to the precise circumstances of this incident, but I do agree that, more widely, we do see far too many problems arising from dog ownership and dogs in Wales. And I do believe—and I know other Members here have raised these issues more generally regularly—that we do need to think more deeply and more urgently as to what further action can be taken to deal with the issues in general. And I'm sure that, as well as that, we will, in due course, look at the particular circumstances of this tragedy, as to whether there are any lessons to be learned.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you, John. And you're right, we won't—. It's not for any of us to speculate today, but there will be lessons to learn, I'm sure, from this once the investigation has taken place. And as well as our sympathies going out to those affected on this loss and this tragedy, we also want to make sure that the support is given to the family affected as well, and I know the community will rally around as well.

But you are right in saying that you, amongst others, have championed a more joined-up approach to this. So, it isn't simply based on breed of dogs and so on, it's to do with responsible ownership and it's to do with an approach—. I've mentioned some of the things we're doing with the LEAD approach, about early identification of worrying signs in animal ownership or behaviour of animals. But it's also what we do with Animal Licensing Wales, because part of the funding—and, by the way, we've extended the funding for Animal Licensing Wales—is to do with the award-winning, now, training initiatives that they've done with owners, but also with the enforcement initiatives that they do as well when they need to. But our approach needs to be a properly joined-up one, which is to do with education, because that's the lifelong piece, with keepers and owners of companion animals, and dogs in this instance. It's education, it is enforcement, but it's also community engagement, and that's where pieces like the LEAD piece comes in, so that the whole community is actually working together with enforcement agencies, with those who can educate owners to say, 'We think we might have an issue. Before it becomes too much of an issue, can somebody help give the support, give the advice?' But it doesn't take away from this particular instance, which we have to see the investigation carried through on, and the tragedy that has unfolded once again here in Wales.

Peter Fox (Conservative, Monmouth)

I concur with everything my colleague John Griffiths has said. I think the incident in Rogiet on Sunday was utterly heartbreaking, and my deepest sympathies and prayers are with the family who have suffered the unimaginable loss of their child in such horrific circumstances. I think it's difficult for any of us to comprehend the pain that they must be experiencing, and I know, as has already been said, that we all across this Chamber share our sorrow and collective support for the family and the community. Deputy First Minister, my question is simple: what is the Welsh Government doing to help that family, that community, and what can it do for these situations when they do happen, too often, sadly?

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you, Peter, for that. You're right in saying, as everyone has said today, that it's not just the investigation that goes on and the lessons that could be learnt, because each one of these tragedies will bring us different learning experiences that we might well need to act on, but it's also the support that is there now for the family, because this has been the loss of a baby—none of us would want to go through that—in the most tragic of circumstances. So, I can assure you that that support is being provided in the community by the relevant statutory services, but also from the community and the family as well wrapping around, as well as, of course, the police carrying out their investigations as well. It's a deeply sad occurrence. You can be assured, Peter, that, as we've always done here in Wales, and in the approach that we're taking, the joined-up approach, we will not leave any stone unturned going forward about what more we can do to try and avoid these tragedies. I think that really does require this joined-up approach and this focus on responsible ownership, early intervention where needed, education, enforcement and working with the community.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I thank the Deputy First Minister. The second topical question will be asked by Adam Price.

Adam Price (Plaid Cymru, Carmarthen East and Dinefwr)

2. Will the Cabinet Secretary make a statement on the widespread flooding in Carmarthenshire last night, and outline how the Welsh Government intends to provide support and future preventative measures to affected communities? TQ1396

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Diolch, Adam. Thank you for raising this question. Our hearts go out to those affected by the flooding we've seen in the recent hours and days. The impacts on homes and businesses and lives can be devastating. We also thank our emergency services, the local authorities, Natural Resources Wales and many others who are working tirelessly to support the people and the communities affected.

Adam Price (Plaid Cymru, Carmarthen East and Dinefwr)

Yes, I think we all will have seen the desperately heart-rending pictures from communities in my constituency, and in neighbouring constituencies, on social media overnight: houses inundated with water, belongings damaged beyond repair. I think, above all, for many of them—because this won't be the first time that this has happened to them—it's that creeping sense of dread that they feel that the next rainfall could bring this nightmare around again. I would also like to pay tribute to all the public services, the staff of the local authority and emergency services and others who really worked heroically overnight rescuing vulnerable residents and trying their best, really, to mitigate the damage.

But I suppose what residents will want to hear from the Government is an assurance that the Government is working as hard as it can on ensuring that this doesn't keep happening to the same communities. What is in place, in terms of investment, to ensure that, as far as we can, we're protecting the communities from going through the same cycle time after time again?

In the short term, I'd appreciate it if the Cabinet Secretary could give us any information that he has about the effectiveness of the flood warning system that the Welsh Government has invested in with NRW and the Met Office—the Flood Forecasting Centre. There is some concern locally that the severity of what actually happened wasn't conveyed in a sufficiently clear and timely manner. I'll ask the Cabinet Secretary: does he have anything he can share with us on that?

What financial support can be provided, both to the local authority, but also directly to individuals? Many of them, of course, don't have insurance precisely because they've been flooded repeatedly. The Welsh Government has set out its response to the National Infrastructure Commission for Wales report on building resilience to flooding in Wales. In some of those responses, you said, 'Well, we'll do the 30-year strategy in the next Senedd. We'll introduce a catchment approach, yes, but maybe a pilot first.' Don't we need to accelerate that, Cabinet Secretary?

And can I make a particular plea on behalf of villages like Pontargothi? I know it very well. I lived just next door in Llanegwad. Residents there, I know many of them personally, have been flooded time and time again. Yet, because they're small communities, they don't meet the investment threshold necessary to become a priority for the flooding investment programme of the Welsh Government. Isn't it now time that we had a specific pot of money for these smaller rural communities that are facing the tremendous despairing situation of being flooded time after time after time? Shouldn't they be a priority as part of the Government's plan throughout the whole of Wales?

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Adam, thank you very much indeed. I'll try and respond to all of the questions that you've asked there. First, in terms of additional support, we're always live, in Welsh Government, to the individual nature of any particular flooding incidents. This was a combination of heavy rainfall, but also, in some areas, coastal flooding as well that was to do with the sea level at the same time, which is the worst sort of one. As a boy who used to live on the Loughor estuary, I understand that very much indeed there.

But we're always very live to the calls from communities for support. One of the things we can do is to make sure that we are continuing the levels of investment that we do, both in terms of the large flood defence schemes, but also those smaller initiatives that make a real difference on the ground, where we work with the local authorities and put the funding, actually, into those local flood authorities so that they can invest. That is often in things that are unseen. It's in the culverts, it's in the monitoring, it's the cleaning of the gullies, and all of those sorts of things, as well as the big heavy infrastructure. You're right in saying we will take forward, increasingly, not only those hard-engineering approaches, but nature-based solutions as well, where we deal with this in the upstream areas on top of that.

There is in place, as you know, the emergency financial assistance scheme, EFAS. That has trigger points. You say, 'Well, can we look at that in terms of—?' Sorry, that is available, and I know the local authorities, when they think they've reached the thresholds on that, they will be in touch with us if they consider they can draw down funding from that.

You talk about flood investment, the flood investment that can be there for smaller scale schemes. Well, we do that already with local authorities, by putting specific pots of money where they think that the priorities are. But, again, they need to make their prioritisation choices as well as to which communities are the right ones to do that sort of investment in.

From an NRW perspective, they work to very set criteria. I'm simplifying it, but it's largely to do with where the best value for money is for the greatest protection of the number of homes and businesses and lives. So, there will always be additional calls to say, 'But we fall just outside of that', but they will keep on looking at that, and the case needs to be made. But there has to be a prioritisation, even with the record funding that we've now put in place.

I can tell you where we see this has worked. Recently, I was at the Ammanford flood defences, which is one of our biggest schemes in Wales, and I'm pleased to report that even with the surge along that stretch, the protection of the hundreds of properties there held. It was within the capacity of what we had designed for, and so on, and that's important. So, we can make a difference. We will keep on listening, though, Adam, as well. But there will be some communities who will say, 'We just fall outside of a current scheme.' Well, we need to hear the case. The case needs to be put forward to NRW for that.

Can I just say as well, just to reassure you and your constituents in particular, that this year we've made £1.2 million available for schemes in Carmarthen East and Dinefwr? That's four local authority schemes; one scheme by NRW. We've completed now, as I've said, the NRW scheme in Ammanford. That's 386 properties protected. That was an investment of £4.1 million. But there are also new works that have been recently undertaken—construction works—at areas that you'll know quite well: Arthur Street and Quarry Ffinant, reducing the risks to another nearly 60 residential properties and 35 non-residential properties as well. And we're supporting the local authority in further schemes. So, for example, there is design development now going on at pace for schemes in Llanybydder and Ferryside as well. So, we will keep on doing this. We do need to prioritise that funding, but we've got it at a record level as well, and we need to keep that going.

Samuel Kurtz (Conservative, Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire)

I'm grateful to the Member for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr for securing this topical debate, because the scenes that we've seen in Carmarthenshire and in Pembrokeshire as well, in my constituency of Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire, are tragic. I commend the emergency services, NRW, the local council teams, but also local county councillors as well, who are often the first point of contact for these communities in supporting them, and also to the agricultural community, because a lot of farmers have gone above and beyond in supporting their communities, moving people through flooded waters, et cetera.

In Carmarthen town itself, we've seen the quay flood once again, and I've raised with your predecessors a number of times, Deputy First Minister, the need to treat businesses equally to homes in terms of flood defence. Because these businesses are often the livelihoods of these individuals, and in the way that the planning around flood defences is currently drafted, support is prioritised for homes, which I understand, but there is a lack of recognition for flood defence support for businesses. We know that the Cresselly Arms in my neighbour constituency, Adam Price's seat, that has been flooded. A number of businesses along the quayside flooded, and in Pembrokeshire as well. So, what guarantees can you say to this Chamber and to our constituents, following this flood event, that you will go away to have a look at what support can be made available, so that there is equity in that flood defence for properties as well as businesses?

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Well, the challenge here is the point that you just made of equity, because the nearest relation to equity is fairness, and we've come to an approach that I think is widely recognised as being the most fair and equitable, which is that we do focus on homes and the risk to lives as well within homes, as well as businesses. But let me just say very, very clearly, because it relates to the point that Adam was making as well, about those who don't see the same level of support as some of the schemes that are going on, that there is, as I say, record investment.

The quay is an interesting one, and I know you've raised it before. So, NRW, as the responsible risk management authority for the risk of flooding from the River Towy in Carmarthen, holds the ring on whether a flood alleviation scheme is brought forward at Carmarthen quay. All the schemes receiving Welsh Government flood and coastal erosion risk management funding must be shown to be reducing risk to life by reducing the risk to homes, because that's where the most significant risk is. Now, schemes may also provide a risk reduction to businesses as well, and to infrastructure as well, as a wider benefit. However, it is homes that remain the foremost priority for funding. And by the way, we're not distant from what happens in other parts of the UK on this as well; the focus is on homes and lives as well as businesses, but homes are the key priority for funding. So, any risk management authority that pursues a scheme, including for businesses, will need to justify why it's diverting funding away from other high-risk communities elsewhere within your area or within Wales, and that's the decision they need to make.

But can I say as well that Welsh Government officials are currently exploring wider resilience opportunities, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises that are vulnerable to flooding, to source alternative finance and investment to become more resilient to flooding, whilst also helping them then to grow? Also, linked to that, the Development Bank of Wales, for example, has confirmed that it can support smaller businesses that are impacted by flooding through the Wales micro loan fund, offering fast-tracked loans from £1,000 to £50,000. And I'm sorry, Adam, I didn't address, Dirprwy Lywydd, your point about insurance. I would direct people towards the Flood Re insurance, which is in place for home owners, but also to Business Wales for businesses for the support and advice that they can give as well.

Joyce Watson (Labour, Mid and West Wales)

Of course, we've seen the widespread disruption. We've seen several schools forced to close in Pembrokeshire and also in Carmarthenshire, and those were as a result of roads being impassable. We've seen the Whitland housing complex, where people were evacuated in the early hours of this morning and, of course, the effort that went into that has been, quite rightly, praised here today.

But there are some key obvious things here. If you get a lot of rain and wind at the same time as a full moon, when you're going to have a high tide, the alert goes out. And there are other obvious things that need addressing. When you're talking about surface water flooding, you have to ensure that the ditches alongside those roads are clear, that everybody involved—landowners, councils—take their responsibilities really seriously, and that annually those things are worked on. And we know that 14 years of austerity and reduced public funds have lessened the capability to do that, but I think we urgently need to put that back in place. So, I would like to know how those things are going to be funded.

You're right to say, of course, and I checked it myself this morning, that that £6 million flood defence did hold up in Ammanford, that it did protect those houses it was intended to protect, and that is reassuring, especially since that was what we were hoping would happen. But climate change isn't going to go away, and I ask you, Deputy First Minister, whether we need to perhaps revisit some of the planning applications that are on the table, and the planning rules, in terms of the heavy rainfall that we're now experiencing that might put areas into a floodplain that weren't previously there, and in the very short term, because I don't think it's going to be for the short term.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you very much. Yes, you're absolutely right, we need to make sure through both the planning policy but also the individual decisions being made at a local level that there is flood resilience built into any new communities, because we do have a drive to have more affordable housing in communities, not least in rural areas, but they do absolutely need to be in the right place and to be flood resilient as well, otherwise we are building up problems going forward.

You mentioned the issue of ditches and watercourses, which is something that you and others, including Carolyn, our colleague, have regularly raised here. I just want to reiterate the responsibility of riparian owners in terms of watercourses, including ditches and drainage and so on, because if they are blocked or obstructed or diverted, they could add to the problem. I'm not talking about these particular circumstances today, but it is a general principle. It's not only for local authorities and statutory bodies to go around continuously clearing stuff away, riparian owners also have a responsibility as well. But linked to that, I have to say, was Sam's point that some of those riparian owners are actually the farmers who do the work in helping people out from these situations as well, so we've got to give credit where credit is due.

I just wanted to touch on the other aspect that you and others have mentioned, which is to do with what we can do with warnings and alerts and so on. It is definitely true that the £60 million that we've put into upgrading the warnings and alerts in Wales has been money well spent, but what we now need to do is that work with communities to make sure not simply that the alerts are going out, but people understand how to respond to them, with the three different levels of it as well, and what to do, and to heed it, and actually to work together on a community basis then to respond. Because it's not every man, woman and child for themselves—it shouldn't be that. It should be how do you then respond, where do the statutory agencies kick in, and the responders, but, also, how can communities actually help themselves as well, and support each other. But that's a piece of work that we are doing, because putting the technology in place, having the alerts going out, is one piece, the main thing is how people react to that and how they respond to it.

Cefin Campbell (Plaid Cymru, Mid and West Wales)

We have all seen the heartbreaking images from last night and this morning on television and on social media. I want to give great thanks to the emergency services for the work that they did overnight and during the morning.

As it happens, I live in the basin of the Tywi valley. I was on the phone with my wife this morning, and we have been isolated there. But, unfortunately, the home next door is under nine inches of water, and she experiences flooding in her home every time the river floods. So, I want to follow on from the point that Adam Price raised in terms of what financial support is available for property owners who are suffering flooding time and time again. She has sought financial support but she has been refused time and time again. So, I would ask you about that support that is available for properties in rural areas.

Of course, schools in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire have been closed today, and many pupils were supposed to be taking GCSE examinations both today and tomorrow. So, what support is available, and what arrangements have been made, to ensure that these pupils do not suffer in any way because they have failed to take those examinations today, and may fail to do so tomorrow?

The final point is that we have also seen the pictures from the Cresselly Arms in Pontargothi, which has been flooded and has suffered serious damage. So, can you assure us that there is sufficient capacity within NRW, for example, to maintain river banks, in order to ensure that large branches and trees do not fall into the water and get caught under the bridge, which means that the water then goes to a higher than usual level further up the river? So, these are all things that could be resolved and that would make life easier for people living in these areas.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you very much, Cefin. Just so that everybody is aware, because we've touched on some of the most intense flooding that we've seen, in the pictures, as you rightly say, over the last 24 hours, there has been reported flooding to 60 residential properties, 28 of which are in Carmarthenshire, 12 in Pembrokeshire, 18 in Ceredigion, and two in Swansea. So, it has been quite widespread.

You ask about the support for householders. I've mentioned Flood Re, which is the insurance approach, but the Welsh Government also supports the Flood Re Build Back Better initiative, which we've mentioned in this Chamber before. We've asked the risk management authorities to help us promote awareness of this, because this allows participating insurers to offer up to £10,000 towards property flood resilience measures when repairing homes after a flood. They can be very immediate, very simple interventions to prevent flooding to that individual property, or, if flooding happens again, that you have things such as no wooden skirting boards, which will simply be taken away and washed away, or whatever, you have electricity points that are placed higher up, et cetera, et cetera, so you can be back on your feet much more quickly.

You raised the matter of schools. Indeed, we have had several schools closed. My officials and I have been in touch with the Cabinet Secretary for Education as well, because there is the question of those who have been affected with their education and, indeed, exams today. I know that the Cabinet Secretary for Education is also in touch with schools on that matter and how that can be dealt with, because this is an unforeseen eventuality, but those things will need to be considered as well. As for this moment, we still have the response ongoing, we need to help businesses and home owners back into their properties as soon as possible, and the recovery of it, as well as making sure that the education continues seamlessly as well.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I thank the Cabinet Secretary.

4. 90-second Statements

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Item 4 is the 90-second statements. First, Sam Rowlands.

Sam Rowlands (Conservative, North Wales)

Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. Last week, on World Stroke Day, we were reminded of a health crisis that too many people in Wales still don't fully understand: stroke. New research from the Stroke Association revealed that two thirds of people in Wales don't know that stroke is the leading cause of complex adult disability.

Every single day in the UK, 240 people experience a stroke, often leaving them unable to move, speak, see or even swallow. Stroke remains the fourth biggest killer in the UK, yet awareness of its long-term impact is alarmingly low. Here in Wales, around 70,000 people are living with the effects of stroke, and two thirds are left with a lifelong disability. Shockingly, only 35 per cent of survivors receive the essential six-month review to assess their recovery needs; that's the lowest rate in the last six years.

Organisations like the Stroke Association are urging the Welsh Government to act to make stroke care a national priority. That means 24/7 access to life-saving treatments, better mental health services, and ongoing rehabilitation for every survivor, no matter where they live in Wales.

Stroke can change a life in an instant, but with the right care and commitment, recovery is possible. Let's build on the message of World Stroke Day and make sure every stroke survivor in Wales gets the chance not just to survive, but to live well and to thrive. Diolch.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Rio de Janeiro, Barcelona, Melbourne, Seattle: these are but a few of UNESCO’s cities of literature. Now, Aberystwyth has been added to the list. Last week brought the excellent news that the bid submitted by the local partnership in Ceredigion was successful, and that Aberystwyth Ceredigion would be designated as an UNESCO city of literature, the first in Wales, the sixth in the United Kingdom, and one of just 50 or so worldwide.

The eagle-eyed among you will say, 'But Aberystwyth isn’t a city’. Correct. Not in the formal sense of the term. But it conducts itself and performs like a city. It's home to universities, to national cultural and literary bodies, to book shops and festivals, to publishers, authors, designers—in Welsh and in English. There is a long-standing tradition in Aberystwyth and Ceredigion of literature, poetry and publishing. Aberystwyth is the only town in Wales to have appointed a town bard. So, this designation isn’t just a title, it reflects the current literary activity in the area, and provides a route for using this new status and the sector to boost the local economy and to encourage inclusion and learning for the future.

In the words of the chair of Aberystwyth Ceredigion city of literature, Mererid Hopwood, 'First the award, and then to work'. So, congratulations to Aberystwyth Ceredigion. And by a stroke of luck, in that list of global cities of literature, Aberystwyth is at the very top. It’s handy, sometimes, to have a name that starts with ‘Ab’.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Thank you, both.

5. Motion to amend Standing Orders—Changes resulting from the Legislation (Procedure, Publication and Repeals) (Wales) Act 2025

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Item 5 is the motion to amend Standing Orders, changes resulting from the Legislation (Procedure, Publication and Repeals) (Wales) Act 2025. I call on a Member of the Business Committee to move the motion. Paul Davies.

Paul Davies (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire)

Formally.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

The proposal is to amend Standing Orders. Does any Member object? No. The motion is therefore agreed in accordance with Standing Order 12.36.

6. Motion to amend Standing Orders—Standing Order 17: Voting in a Committee of the Whole Senedd and responsibility for meeting access

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Item 6 is the motion to amend Standing Orders, Standing Order 17: voting in a Committee of the Whole Senedd and responsibility for meeting access. I call on a Member of the Business Committee to move the motion. Paul Davies.

Paul Davies (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire)

Formally.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

The proposal is to amend Standing Orders. Does any Member object? No. The motion is therefore agreed in accordance with Standing Order 12.36.

Motion to elect a Member to a committee

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

We now move to a motion to elect a Member to a committee. I call on a Member of the Business Committee to formally move the motion. Paul Davies.

Paul Davies (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire)

Formally.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

The proposal is to agree the motion. Does any Member object? No. The motion is therefore agreed in accordance with Standing Order 12.36.

7. Debate on a Member's Legislative Proposal: A Bill to ban the use of single-use plastic on fruits and vegetables

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Item 7, debate on a Member's legislative proposal: a Bill to ban the use of single-use plastic on fruits and vegetables. I call on Rhys ab Owen to move the motion.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

Thank you very much, Dirprwy Lywydd, and thank you very much for the opportunity to put forward this legislative motion. I’m sure that all of us in the Siambr this afternoon, as we shop, or as we receive packages in the post, question why there is so much packaging wrapped around what we’ve received. Certainly, when we try to stuff the packaging into the recycling bin, and very often into a bin that isn’t a recycling bin, because we can’t recycle the packaging, it’s even harder to accept why we receive so much single-use plastic packaging.

It’s even more shocking when it comes to fruit and vegetables—those things that often have a natural wrapping already, a wrapper that is better than anything that could be produced by humankind. According to the Waste and Resources Action Programme, plastic packaging makes no difference whatsoever to the shelf life of over 20 fruit and vegetables—a number of them being the fruit and vegetables that are the most popular, and are used and eaten most often. Simply put, plastic packaging, very often, is entirely wasteful, is unnecessary, and is purposeless. We don’t need that packaging at all.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

This proposal is that those items should not be packaged in plastic. They should be sold by weight and put in a paper bag, if necessary, to carry home. Because this is more than just an environmental issue. We know that when things are prepackaged in plastic, you've got to buy them as they are, and you've got to buy what's in the package already. Quite often, a family would not need everything that has been determined to them already, which has been placed in the plastic container already. And for those living through a cost-of-living crisis, this causes unnecessary hardship to them. They're spending their money on things they simply do not need, and that's stopping them from spending money on things that they do need.

Research has found that plastic packaging contributes to £2.1 billion-worth of food waste that happens in the UK—£2.1 billion-worth of food waste every year. Items unnecessarily prepackaged in plastic, in a predetermined quantity, come at the expense of being able to afford a different item. It's as simple as that. It stops them buying a different item that could contribute to a healthier and more varied diet.

As we all know, there's been a huge increase in foodbanks in Wales over the last few years—a 61 per cent increase according to the Trussell Trust. Food is becoming more and more unaffordable for many, and the ability to buy smaller amounts of multiple foods can help make the difference to get all the ingredients necessary for a healthy and proper meal.

When suggesting this risk, I was also considering the long-term risk of plastic. It's something I've raised with you, Dirprwy Brif Weinidog, on many occasions. As we all know, plastic breaks down in several different ways, many of which carry serious and untested health risks. When plastic breaks down into microplastics, it's then absorbed into the human body, and has now been found in all organs of the body, including our brains. Microplastics have also been connected to disorders in all systems of the body. For example, a study last year by the New England Journal of Medicine found that when micro and nano plastics were found in the plaque on a coronary artery, the person was more likely to suffer a heart attack, stroke or death. This is scary stuff, and things that haven't been tested enough in this country.

All sizes of plastic, from visible rubbish to microplastic and resultant forever chemicals, also have an impact on the environment and our ecosystem. Animals of all sizes are affected in multiple ways. In 2023 a paper was released detailing how wild sea birds are suffering from what's called plasticosis. Now, this is a kind of fibrosis induced by plastic that prevents the digestive system from working properly. That is just one example. Reducing the plastic produced and used and thrown away is therefore essential for a healthy world.

Despite this, the use of plastic continues to grow and has grown dramatically over the past few decades. I'll give you the figures: the yearly manufacture of plastic has increased from 230 million tonnes in 2009 to over 350 million tonnes in the year 2019. Now, all of us here can remember back to the year 2009. Were our lives really that dramatically more inconvenient because of the lack of an extra 100 million tonnes of plastic? Of course not. We do not need anything near that amount of plastic that is currently in our supply chains.

Now, some people hark back to the past far too often, but I think this is a good example where we do hark back to the past. And it still happens in some examples: greengrocers, market stalls and many corner shops already operate, and have over the years operated, on the principle of buying only what you want from a crate of produce that isn't wrapped in plastic. And that's how fruits and vegetables have been bought across the centuries. That's how our grandparents shopped. It's how we and our children should shop. In terms of practicalities, I think a Bill passed on this principle would allow Welsh Ministers to add and remove items from the list when they see what works in practice and what doesn't work and then respond to it.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

This is a proposal that would build on the innovative work done by the Senedd when it comes to tackling single-use plastic. I very much hope that the Senedd will consider this legislative proposal in the future. The advantages to me are entirely clear. I look forward to hearing your contributions. Thank you.

Jenny Rathbone (Labour, Cardiff Central)

Thank you very much for raising this issue and recommending it as a legislative proposal. I think it's a much bigger problem than we realise and there are various sources of this contamination, both through the soil and the plastic packaging, and with fruit, vegetables, along with seafood, being particularly affected. So, there's no reason to do it and more and more information is turning up, both at Cardiff University, in New Mexico and other places, to show that it's penetrating our brains and it's passing the blood-brain barrier. The samples in New Mexico, taken in 2024, were significantly higher than in 2016. The work done by Cardiff University, working with the waste treatment plant in Newport, which is run by Dŵr Cymru, indicates very significant levels in wastewater, which is often, throughout Europe, spread on agricultural land, following treatment, and this obviously brings the plastic back into the whole food production system.

I would particularly recommend to anybody not to drink water from plastic water bottles—it can add around six times more microplastics into your system compared to just tap water. So, all these things are accumulating, and I would suggest that it's not to keep the fruit and vegetables fresh that the supermarkets are doing this—it's to please the people who are the bean counters in their organisations so that they can barcode exactly what's being sold and when.

So, I think we absolutely have to change the way we do things and to, if necessary, wrap things in paper bags or newspapers, which are easily used for free. So, I thank you very much for raising this issue and I hope that we can seriously consider it for a future piece of legislation.

Janet Finch-Saunders (Conservative, Aberconwy)

I had no hesitation whatsoever when Rhys ab Owen asked me whether I would support him on this. Certainly, as a member of the climate change committee over the years, evidence that we've received proves how there does need now to be some legislation brought in that would prevent so much plastic being used. The Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Act has put our nation in the right direction, but we haven't gone quite far enough. In 2013-14, 13,781 tonnes of mixed plastics were disposed of from households. A decade later, the figure is up to 20,384 tonnes.

Marine Conservation Society beach cleans—and I've done a few of these—have reported that plastic accounted for 72 per cent of all recorded litter items in 2024. We cannot forget that microplastic pollution has been detected in human blood, with scientists finding the tiny particles in almost 80 per cent of people tested. The more we can do to reduce this unnecessary plastic use the better. A ban on the use of single-use plastic on fresh produce for fruits and vegetables would be the step in the right direction. Who on earth needs bananas wrapping up? They've come in their own protective skin. You know, we even see eggs now in polystyrene bases and then a polystyrene-type plastic lid—not necessary. WRAP's evidence shows that selling apples, bananas and potatoes loose could prevent 8 million shopping baskets-worth of food going to waste, having the added benefit of eliminating around 1,100 rubbish trucks of avoidable plastic every year. It would also, as has been rightly pointed out earlier, save our residents some money. Almost 1.7 million tonnes of edible fruit and vegetables are thrown away each year, costing us £4 billion.

So, during a cost-of-living and climate crisis, it is common sense to back a legislative proposal that empowers residents to buy exactly what they need and at the same time reducing any waste. In fact, this legislative proposal would work. For hundreds of years, at markets such as Llanrwst, Swansea, Machynlleth, produce has been sold loose. It's how things were done many years ago, and there was never a problem then. People want to choose what they want to buy and need. I see no reason why even more should be empowered to do so again and, as such, I thank you, Rhys, for bringing this forward. I encourage the Cabinet Secretary to take this forward. I ask all Members to support this very common-sense request and a 'thank you' to WRAP also for the work that they do. Diolch.

Carolyn Thomas (Labour, North Wales)

I would also like to thank Rhys ab Owen for bringing forward this important legislative proposal today. I was pleased to support it. The proposal is a simple one, but its impact would be significant, reducing both the amount of unnecessary plastic used across Wales and the amount of perfectly good food ending up in the bin. Wales has always led the way before. We were the first nation in the UK to introduce a plastic bag charge and it worked. Carrier bag use fell by more than 95 per cent and that bold action became a model for others to follow. I previously worked alongside Friends of the Earth to secure commitments from the retail consortium to install fridge doors across supermarkets. It was a practical step that reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions. And today's proposal is the next logical step in cutting the climate impact of our supermarkets and food supply chains.

Evidence shows that we are beginning to fall behind, and research from the anti-waste charity WRAP reveals that only 19.4 per cent of our fresh produce sales are sold loose, as compared with 50 per cent across mainland Europe. France has already gone further, passing legislation to ban plastic packaging on fresh produce altogether. If France can do it, why not Wales? We've made progress on the recycling of plastics in recent years, with supermarkets now collecting packaging for reuse. But the truth is stark: around 70 per cent of the plastics collected are still incinerated. The best solution is not to recycle more plastic but to create less of it in the first place.

Every year, people in the UK throw away around £2 billion-worth of fruits and vegetables, and packaging is not solving that problem, it’s making it worse. Studies show that wrapping fruit and veg in plastic does not extend its shelf life. It does force customers to buy more than they need, leading to 30 per cent of produce being wasted. The public want change: 83 per cent of consumers say they’re concerned about the amount of plastic in their food shopping, and this proposal directly responds to that concern. By ending the use of pointless plastic packaging where it makes no difference to shelf life, we can reduce waste, cut costs and protect our environment. So, today, Members, we have the chance to take another proud step forward to build on Wales’s record of leadership in sustainability and fairness. Let’s act where it matters most, and show once again that small, sensible changes can make a lasting difference. Diolch yn fawr.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

I thank Rhys for tabling this proposal.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

A slightly clumsy, slightly ugly phrase that’s used sometimes when we say that something is so obvious that it needs to be done is that it’s a 'no-brainer'. It feels like this is a no-brainer, but that does take on a slightly macabre element when we’ve just heard from Jenny that microplastics are now found in the brain; they are found in human breastmilk, they’re found in our blood. This is something that quite literally permeates into our lives, and it’s something that young people feel so passionately about. This is something that we have to guard against for their sake. It’s something very young children feel passionately about as well because of how quite viscerally frightening it will be for them. It is so important that we change this.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

I would like on this particular matter quote the eco-committee at Ysgol y Lawnt in my region. They’ve said, ‘We’re trying to cut down on how much single-use plastic we use at the school. We’re doing this because we are concerned about the impact on animals, particularly marine animals, such as turtles, which think that they’re swallowing jellyfish.’ The children found that the cafe at the school was the worst place for single-use plastics, and they persuaded the school to use paper bags instead of clingfilm for snacks. The eco-committee also found crisp packets and plastic bags on the school yard and in the nearby river. The children were concerned that the river was carrying the plastics down towards Cardiff and out to sea. These children want to see Governments levying a tax on plastics to ensure that major corporations use packets made from plants rather than plastic, and they want to persuade these corporations to use more eco-friendly packaging materials.

I’d like to thank the pupils at the school for their enthusiasm and children and young people across Wales who believe so strongly in the need to reduce the use of single-use plastics. The measures outlined in this proposal are a good place to start. So, for the sake of future generations, for the children living in Wales today, we must tackle this. So, thank you, Rhys, I think this could make a difference. Thank you very much.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

I call on the Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Climate Change and Rural Affairs, Huw Irranca-Davies.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Thank you very much, Dirprwy Lywydd. I also thank the Member for bringing forward this important debate and to the other Members for their valuable contributions this afternoon on the proposed Bill to ban the use of single-use plastics on fruits and vegetables.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

I believe that many Members here in this Siambr—and, indeed, many members of the public in Wales—will share the bemusement and often frustration of Members here at seeing so much of our natural produce of fruits and vegetables in their natural wrappings being given plastic wrapping too on top of that. So, what I’m going to try and do in my response to this debate is to get a little bit under the skin of this proposal and offer Welsh Government’s thoughts on it. Now, as you know, Welsh Government, as has been remarked by Carolyn and others, has put waste reduction and prevention at the very heart of policy making, whether by tackling plastic pollution or encouraging recycling, and I have to say, reducing unnecessary food waste. We have proudly led the way across the UK, as has been noted. So, we’re making significant progress on this through the programme for government, and the groundbreaking—and it still remains groundbreaking—Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Act 2023, for example, has already restricted the supply of several commonly littered single-use plastic products, such as plastic straws, cutlery and cotton buds. And I'm very pleased that, only last week, the regulation on wet wipes received the assent here of this Senedd once again. So, once again, we are pushing forward. And we're proud to be recognised—I never tire of saying this, Dirprwy Lywydd—as the second best in the world, narrowly second best, for municipal recycling. And we're not stopping there; we're introducing the new workplace recycling reforms and piloting the collection of flexible plastics as well, pertinent to today's debate, to boost our recycling rates even more. There's work to be done on the flexible plastics issue. And it's important to note as well that this type of food packaging is already being addressed through the extended producer responsibility scheme. Now, that's really interesting, because that incentivises producers to minimise the unnecessary packaging by making them responsible for the associated costs. Now, in the first year of the scheme, it will see local authorities in Wales receive £89 million of additional investment to support the collection and management of these materials, but the EPR, of course, is based on the polluter-pays principle, so it incentivises those producers over time to reduce and reduce and reduce unnecessary packaging and avoid costs for them, as well as for the consumers.

And, of course, our circular economy strategy, which is 'Beyond Recycling', sets an ambitious target in terms of food waste. It's a 60 per cent reduction in avoidable food waste by 2030. Of course, alongside this, we have the Be Mighty campaign tackling food waste, which empowers households, works with households, to make smarter choices—comments have been made by Members already about the staggering amount of food waste that we currently have that goes into the bins; it's quite remarkable—so, using up what people purchase and purchasing responsibly, and the Love Food Hate Waste website and campaign as well, and practical campaigns, including what we're seeing going on this week, by the way, in terms of Climate Action Wales—practical everyday tips for people to help cut down on food waste.

And, of course, we're providing funding to FareShare Cymru, redistributing surplus food, so it's not waste, it's surplus food, to good causes, and since 2015—just to remind the Senedd—they've redistributed 7,000 tonnes of food to create 20 million meals for those people who need access to that. But, genuinely, Rhys, I understand and I recognise the intentions behind this proposed legislation, which—I'll continue on this path of driving down food waste—remove the excessive plastic packaging from the supply chain. Now, as you've highlighted in your proposal, offering fruit and vegetables loose can encourage consumers to buy only what they need. In Wales, 80 per cent, as has been remarked, of the food we throw away could have been eaten. The average household of four throws away food costing a staggering £84 per month. So, tackling food waste could also help reduce the cost of living.

However—and there is a 'however' in this—there are several important aspects that we need to explore further before we consider bringing forward legislation, to get the right outcome, and some of these, Rhys, as you'll be aware, have been highlighted in previous WRAP reports. For example—[Interruption.] I'm going to just put some of these issues here, Jenny. First of all, they raised, 'Would setting a limit on supplying loose fruit and veg below 1.5 kg inadvertently encourage consumers to purchase larger packs, potentially then having the opposite effect of increasing food waste, increasing consumption that is not needed, increasing purchase that is not needed and increasing, then, food waste and household costs as well, while we have cost-of-living issues?' 'Are there other—', and these are identified by WRAP, by the way, '—currently hidden cost implications for consumers?' So, whilst loose produce is intended to help lower costs, as you've laid out, there is a risk that unit prices could then be increased to compensate. We understand how this works in the retail chain. Now, this could disproportionately affect those on lower incomes whose grocery bills tend to make up a larger proportion of their limited income. Jenny, sorry.

Jenny Rathbone (Labour, Cardiff Central)

I just wondered, as we're reaching the end of this Senedd, whether it's possible to include a target for eliminating plastic wrapping for fruit and veg in the Environment (Principles, Governance and Biodiversity Targets) (Wales) Bill, because I know there are targets that you're having to consider.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

I don't think within the environmental governance Bill, because the targets that have been worked up for that have been long worked on, including with stakeholders who are trying to agree the set of meaningful targets. So, it's not that I am not open to that; it's actually where stakeholders amongst the environmental non-governmental organisations think our focus should be. However, we are in a period where everybody is thinking now, 'Well, what comes next?', in terms of policy offers going forward, whether it's legislation or whether it's other targets. This is an interesting period, where a lot of ideas are being put forward. In the current legislation, it would be interesting to see whether there was environmental stakeholder agreement to somehow lever that into it at this late period.

Can I just raise some of the other issues that WRAP have identified as things that need to be considered here? One of those is public perceptions of hygiene in handling fruit and vegetables. You rightly point out I'm used to going to a local grocer, a local fruit and veg supplier, loose vegetables put into a paper bag and so on. For many, myself included, this wouldn't be an issue. It would be very familiar. It's the traditional model of going to a grocer or a market and so on. However, understanding wider public perceptions, particularly in modern retail environments, is an important consideration that we need to think about.

Finally, we also need to think about those alternative solutions: what consumers will use, then, to carry the loose produce home, and whether these, in themselves, create new waste challenges or not, or avoiding those situations. So, I have to say, like many policy proposals that we consider, I don't think that these concerns are necessarily insurmountable. However—

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I have given you quite a bit of time, Cabinet Secretary.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Oh, my apologies, my apologies. Including the intervention?

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Including the intervention.

Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour, Ogmore)

Oh. Well, let me say, in conclusion, then: to this end, we have already engaged with WRAP, our environmental NGO with expertise in the area, and with Government officials across the UK to discuss how the recommendations in the report—and I'd recommend it—'Removing packaging from uncut fresh produce' might be advanced.

I understand the motives behind this proposal, but I think that there are things to consider before we risk impacting, potentially, on consumers' costs in a cost-of-living crisis, but also some of the practicalities. But I agree with the sentiment here, which is that we need to reduce as much as possible plastic wrapping from fruit and veg, which are often naturally wrapped themselves.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

Thank you very much to everyone for their contributions. As some have said already, thank you very much to WRAP and Friends of the Earth for their support.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

Jenny mentioned more and more research in this area, and what we have already seen is frightening. Thinking about what you've mentioned, we can often think that it's a shame that Governments in the past didn't act on what they knew, and previous generations of leaders—it is a shame that they didn't act on what they knew, and acted more swiftly.

On the issue of plastic pollution and its impacts, as Jenny and experts say, we are nowhere near, probably, the future body of research that we will see. But, from what we have already seen, I think that we have got enough. We know enough already of its impact on the human body, on animal bodies. We know that there are multiple ways an excess of unnecessary plastic is damaging to household budgets, to human health and to our environment. We know all of this already. We do not need further research.

Janet Finch-Saunders, thank you, as always, for your support and for calling it common sense. We all enjoy hearing your stories about your regular beach litter picks, but it's incredible and frightening that 72 per cent of rubbish on beaches is plastics. I agree with you, Janet. It is bananas to see bananas packaged in plastic.

Another point: pre-packaged quantities of fruit and vegetables mean that it's difficult to ensure that the food you are buying is fresh and of good quality, unbruised. When I go to Canton fruit market, I can check the fruit and veg before I buy. When it's pre-packaged in plastic, we cannot. As Carolyn said, this is a simple proposal, like one we've done in the past, and it will bring us closer to the Wales and the world that we want to live in.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

I agree with Delyth: it is a no-brainer. It's so obvious to primary school children that we should do this. I'm glad that you mentioned Ysgol y Lawnt, where my mother taught, and, I think, where she first met your mother—

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Rhys, I have given you additional time as well.

Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru, South Wales Central)

I will finish now. Can I just address the Welsh Government's response? Now, I'm very used to the Dirprwy Brif Weinidog's—and other Welsh Ministers'—'howevers'. I'm used to, 'Oh, I agree with the sentiment, however, we need to check this. We need to do other research, another commission', or whatever. Can I just, please, maybe give a message for future Governments? I think we need bolder governance here in Wales, where people are willing to make decisions, where they don't wait and wait and wait until they know 100 per cent that this the right thing. Sometimes, we just need to get on and do it. Diolch yn fawr.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

And a good point to finish.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

The proposal is to note the motion. Does any Member object? [Interruption.]

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Are you objecting? [Objection.] Yes, okay.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Yes, there is objection. Therefore, we'll defer voting under this item until voting time.

8. Debate on the cross-committee report on the UK-EU implementation review of the trade and co-operation agreement

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

Item 8 today is a debate on the cross-committee report on the UK-EU implementation review of the trade and co-operation agreement. I call on the Chair of the Culture, Communications, Welsh Language, Sport and International Relations Committee to move the motion—Delyth Jewell.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

Thank you very much, Dirprwy Lywydd. I'd like to put on record my thanks to all the committees, and the support teams behind those committees, who have been involved in this work. I'd like to give particular thanks to Sara Moran for her expertise and her work.

I'll begin today by outlining on behalf of my fellow committee Chairs the approach taken to this joint inquiry into the implementation review of the UK-EU trade and co-operation agreement. This work is unprecedented. Building on the efforts of our four committees throughout the sixth Senedd, the Culture, Communications, Welsh Language, Sport and International Relations Committee, the Economy, Trade and Rural Affairs Committee, the Climate Change, Environment and Infrastructure Committee, as well as the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee, have come together. Our joint aim was to consider in detail the Welsh Government's approach to the review and to examine the real-world effects of the trade and co-operation agreement on Wales.

Our inquiry was launched in anticipation of the formal review of the agreement in 2026. In August 2024, we published our terms of reference, and invited evidence on experiences of the trade and co-operation agreement since it came into force. We sought views on its effectiveness in practice, areas not fully implemented, unintended consequences, and the changes some stakeholders would like to see. In July 2025, Members also visited Brussels to engage directly with EU institutions and stakeholders.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

This report brings together evidence across a wide range of policy areas: touring artists, the UK’s participation in EU programmes, Wales-EU trade, animal welfare, the environment, climate and energy. It also considers constitutional issues, including Wales’s international obligations and UK inter-governmental relations.

Throughout our deliberations, common themes emerged. The evidence was clear: the EU relationship remains of utmost importance to Wales. Despite the challenges brought about by Brexit, including the TCA’s terms, there is a strong desire to continue co-operation with the EU. Respondents suggested practical improvements, such as simplifying processes, providing clearer guidance and offering better support. Others called for more fundamental changes, including rejoining the EU, the single market and customs union and restoring freedom of movement. We also examined the role of the devolved nations in UK-EU relations, revisiting previous findings on inter-governmental arrangements and Wales’s representation at meetings. We considered the Senedd’s role in overseeing and scrutinising these arrangements, as well as legislation implementing UK-EU obligations.

For some time, committees have raised concerns about a lack of transparency and information on UK-EU matters, both domestically and at the UK-EU level. Finally, we reaffirmed the long-standing view of the culture committee and the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee that the absence of dedicated EU strategies at both a UK and a Wales level presents additional challenges for effective scrutiny of the Welsh Government's own EU priorities.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

As we concluded our deliberations, the UK and EU announced the common understanding agreement in May 2025. This development provides a framework for closer co-operation and future negotiations, including commitments to explore youth mobility schemes and association to Erasmus+. Now, whilst these steps are most welcome, they do not yet address many of the concerns raised in evidence, particularly those affecting the creative sectors.

Collectively, our committees made 55 recommendations to the Welsh Government. It accepted 34, accepted in principle 15, rejected five, and agreed to one. There are key themes across the response. Firstly, the number of recommendations made reflects the paucity of information published by the Welsh Government on the TCA, UK-EU relations and on its EU priorities. The reality is, Dirprwy Lywydd, that we are all only aware of its EU priorities because my committee has, during the sixth Senedd, made repeated requests to the Welsh Government for them. The effort made by all of us to find out the most basic information is disproportionate to the importance of the EU relationship to Wales.

Secondly, it is difficult to discern in the response what the Government will do differently as a result of our work—our four committees' historic work. In the face of such stark messages, those who gave evidence deserve more.

Thirdly, since 2021, my committee and the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee, have sounded the alarm on the diminishing voice of Welsh stakeholders in UK-EU relations. Our stakeholders should be supported to take part, to inform decisions, and to have a seat at the table, but this is not the case. The response says it all. No financial support, no record of how it is advertised membership of expert bodies, and no deliberate effort to ensure Welsh groups are linked to UK-wide groups. Dual membership is left to chance, reliant on goodwill and resource of individual organisations. No wonder then that our predictions over the years of a fading Welsh presence have played out. It is left to chance. I'm reminded of the words of Clare Dwyer Hogg in her poem about the realities of hard Brexit on the border in Northern Ireland, and she says,

'chance and hope come in forms like steam and smoke.'

Fourthly, and lastly, the Welsh Government's relationship to the UK Government looms large in this work. It appears from the Cabinet Secretary's response that the UK Government isn't going to publish its EU priorities. It declined an invitation from we four Chairs to give evidence to this inquiry, and now it has not responded to our report as requested. I would welcome the Cabinet Secretary's view on how the UK Government is taking Wales into account in UK-EU relations, because the optics are not good.

Dirprwy Lywydd, a representative from each committee will speak today to the findings and recommendations relating to our respective portfolio areas. I turn now briefly to speak to present the findings of the Culture, Communications, Welsh Language, Sport and International Relations Committee, and to set out why these issues demand urgent and sustained attention as we look to the future.

Our inquiry confirmed to many in this Chamber what we know: the cultural and creative sectors in Wales have borne a greater share of the challenges arising from the UK's departure from the EU. Touring artists, creative professionals and cultural organisations face barriers that were unimaginable before Brexit, barriers that restrict mobility, increase costs, and diminish Wales's cultural presence on the international stage. The evidence is stark. Current arrangements for cultural touring are described as unworkable. The Schengen 90:180-day rule, carnet requirements and cabotage restrictions have created a web of complexity that stifles opportunity, creativity and collaboration. These are not abstract problems. They affect real people, real businesses and the vibrancy of our cultural life.

Our committee also heard compelling arguments for restoring access to EU programmes like Erasmus+ and Creative Europe. These programmes are more than funding streams; they are gateways to collaboration, exchange and growth. They connect Welsh artists, students and institutions to networks that enrich our society and our economy. The absence of these opportunities is felt keenly across Wales. These issues were highlighted and echoed in our recent report, 'Culture shock', and remain unresolved.

When reporting the findings of this joint inquiry, our committee made 10 recommendations, including reviewing and updating EU priorities, developing a dedicated EU strategy and deepening engagement with EU institutions. We have called for greater transparency on Wales’s role in UK-EU meetings, and to review priorities and reflect the urgent need for a comprehensive solution for touring artists. Our recommendations also press for active representation to keep cultural mobility on the agenda, a full list of EU programmes Wales seeks to join, and clarity on why wider association was not agreed in common understanding. We urge the Welsh Government to confirm whether changes to the TCA are needed for programme participation, provide cost estimates for Erasmus+ and Creative Europe, and publish a perspectives document on the TCA to guide future scrutiny and negotiations.

The Cabinet Secretary has accepted many recommendations in principle, and reaffirmed her commitment to EU engagement. She has raised the issue of touring artists at inter-governmental meetings and expressed support for association to Erasmus+. We welcome this. These steps matter, but they are not enough.

The announcement of the common understanding agreement in May offers a genuine window of opportunity to strengthen Wales’s relationship with the EU. It sets out plans for a youth mobility scheme and commits the UK and EU to work towards association with Erasmus+. These developments are positive, but they do not yet address the pressing needs of the creative sector.

Dirprwy Lywydd, I see that my time is short so I will leave that there, and I will look forward to hearing the views of other Members during this debate. Diolch yn fawr iawn.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I call on the Chair of the Climate Change, Environment and Infrastructure Committee, Llyr Gruffydd.

Llyr Gruffydd (Plaid Cymru, North Wales)

Thank you very much, Dirprwy Lywydd. I'm pleased to be able to contribute to today's debate, as you say, in light of my role as the Chair of the committee, and I, like Delyth, would like to thank my fellow Chairs and committee members for their co-operation in drawing together this joint report.

Llyr Gruffydd (Plaid Cymru, North Wales)

The committee has repeatedly raised concerns that Wales has an environmental governance gap since Brexit. You'll know that I've said that in this Chamber a number of times. Of course, the TCA contains no dedicated chapter on environment and climate co-operation. Instead, it focuses on the environment within the context of trade. The TCA includes some high-level environmental provisions, but these largely reflect existing international commitments. Neither do the level playing field provisions and non-regression commitments replace environmental co-operation as was experienced under EU membership.

EU alignment and divergence aren't explicit priorities for the Welsh Government in terms of the review. Common understanding envisages the UK's alignment to EU rules in specific areas, including on emissions trading and electricity. The Cabinet Secretary did acknowledge potential benefits of closer alignment with the EU on a case-by-case basis, but there is a lack of clarity around the Welsh Government's overarching approach.

Stakeholders called for alignment on decarbonisation in light of the UK and EU's introduction of separate carbon border taxes. The TCA commits the UK and the EU to consider linking their emissions trading systems, which could potentially avoid carbon border taxes on UK-EU imports and exports. We heard calls for linkage to be expedited, saying that it would reduce the burden on businesses.

The Welsh Government told us that they have undertaken an initial internal analysis on the potential implications of the EU's carbon border tax for Welsh exports. However, it's disappointing that only limited information on linking emissions trading systems is currently available, particularly given the environmental and climate impacts of trade, like the increases in air pollution and, of course, in Wales's carbon footprint.

Given the TCA includes provision for potential ETS linkage, and in light of consistent calls from stakeholders for strategic alignment between the UK and EU systems, it's concerning that neither emissions trading systems nor carbon border taxes are currently prioritised in the Welsh Government's review agenda. We recommended that the Welsh Government should finalise a clear position on ETS linkage as a matter of priority, and I have to say, we are disappointed that this was only accepted in principle. So, we ask that the Cabinet Secretary keeps us updated on forthcoming negotiations relating to ETS linkage, as a minimum.

We are pleased that more effective and longer term electricity trading arrangements are one of the Welsh Government’s priorities for the TCA review. The common understanding commits the UK and EU to explore the UK’s participation in the EU’s single electricity market, including its trading platforms, which, of course, we hope could reduce energy bills.

The TCA has fundamentally altered the nature of UK-EU environmental co-operation, moving away, as I said at the start, from a shared governance framework to one underpinned primarily by economic interests. We, as a committee, in terms of a clear message that we wish to convey, sincerely hope that the future negotiation of trade agreements won't lead to a reduced focus on climate change as a policy priority. Diolch yn fawr.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I call on a member of the Economy, Trade and Rural Affairs Committee, Hannah Blythyn.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

Thank you, Dirprwy Lywydd. Today I'll be speaking on behalf of the Economy, Trade and Rural Affairs Committee.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

The total of Wales's trade in goods is currently £37.6 billion, and £17.6 billion of that, 47 per cent, is with the EU. It is our biggest trading partner and is fundamental to our economy. We need the relationship to work. We know that the UK's new relationship with the EU has resulted in increased trade barriers. The evidence we received very much brought this home. Our report documents evidence of increased bureaucracy, costs, time and disruption to supply chains, and unintended or unforeseen consequences. Ninety per cent of businesses are still dealing with challenges. According to committee witnesses, processes cause extreme levels of cost, administration, complications and loss, intense annoyance, and are hugely frustrating. Therefore, understanding the full impact of the TCA is imperative in order to inform decisions and support for Welsh businesses.

Our first recommendation, which was rejected, called on the Welsh Government to produce a prospective document on the TCA in line with its approach to other international trade agreements. In response, the Welsh Government maintains that the TCA has been in operation for several years and that analysis of its impacts is already available. To our knowledge, our committee's reports are the first such accounts of Wales-specific impacts of the operation of the TCA. So, could I ask the Cabinet Secretary to share a list of analyses to which the Government's committee response refers to, in order to inform our future work?

The Welsh Government also makes the case that potential changes from current negotiations will render any immediate report out of date almost immediately. However, this would appear to contradict the case made to the culture committee that negotiations are unlikely to result in changes to the text of the TCA. As set out in the report, a Welsh Government document on the TCA has not been published since 2021.

We heard in evidence that businesses would benefit from more information, more guidance and more support from Government. With that in mind, the Government's response doesn't quite address committee questions about plans to support the affected sectors that we heard from. We know there are likely more than those from whom we took direct evidence, and a Government assessment would provide a clearer picture from which to work.

The committee's understanding is that the Welsh Government has done comparative work for every other post-Brexit trade agreement, agreements with partners where the trading value to Wales does not come anywhere near to the value of EU trade to Wales. Perhaps, then, the Cabinet Secretary could set out today why there's been a resource dedicated to understanding trade agreements with Wales's smaller trading partners, but not its largest to date.

We also ask that regular updates be provided on the ongoing negotiations. The Government agreed that this could be in general scrutiny sessions with our committee, but can we suggest that it might be a better use of Senedd time for the Welsh Government to provide regular written updates for discussion at committee?

Dirprwy Lywydd, it also came across in evidence that the Welsh Government wasn't clear on what the UK Government's priorities are for the review. It's vital that the Welsh Government has an effective means to be fully versed with the UK Government's priorities and, likewise, has a meaningful mechanism to represent the issues raised with our sectors and the impacts on Wales. There needs to be clarity and transparency when it comes to how the Welsh Government has successfully influenced the UK Government in terms of vital Welsh trade.

It's also still unclear as to how involved the Welsh Government is in negotiations on devolved areas: what is the structure for this, and does such a structure exist? On a committee delegation to Brussels for this report, we were concerned to learn that EU partners were, in some aspects, unaware that some parts of trade, such as sanitary and phytosanitary, are devolved. Although we hope that with increased engagement as part of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly, we can collectively change and increase that understanding.

As the UK nation most reliant on exporting to the EU, we are more vulnerable to the challenges of alignment and divergence. Effective monitoring is essential and should not be left to Wales alone. Consequently, we are pleased that our final two recommendations relating to the monitoring of alignment and divergence with the EU were accepted, but ask that the Cabinet Secretary set out a timetable for this work.

Hannah Blythyn (Labour, Delyn)

I would like to thank my colleagues across all of the committees for their joint work on this report. Co-operation of this kind is a sign of the cross-cutting nature of the trade and co-operation agreement and its importance to Wales. Thank you.

David Rees (Labour, Aberavon)

I call on the Chair of the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee, Mike Hedges.

Mike Hedges (Labour, Swansea East)

Diolch, Deputy Presiding Officer. I had a bit of a problem getting unmuted. Can I start where the last speaker just finished and say that it's nice to see four committees getting together to produce this report? I hope it is setting a precedent for the next Senedd. Because we're not working in silos, and I agree with everything Hannah Blythyn said when she gave that report.

The Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee was pleased to contribute to the report on the implementation review. In doing so, the committee considered the constitutional, external affairs and inter-governmental relationship elements of the trade and co-operation agreement.

The post-Brexit UK-EU relationship remains highly relevant to the committee's work, given the increasing complexity of multiple international treaties, over 30 joint forums and legislation that either implements or touches on UK-EU matters in devolved areas. We believe it is vital that the Welsh Government has the opportunity to set out its position on devolved matters well in advance of any UK-EU meeting. It was regrettable that a meeting of the inter-ministerial group on UK-EU relations only occurred a week before the May reset summit—too late to have any meaningful impact on the UK's negotiating position.

We welcome the commitment made by the Cabinet Secretary to request that the group's terms of reference are updated. Perhaps she could set out a timeline for these discussions. It was more concerning to note that not only were the Welsh Government not invited to discuss and agree the UK Government's priorities for the review, but they weren't informed of any priorities in advance. The committee, therefore, said that the Welsh Government should call on the UK Government to outline their priorities for the review as a matter of urgency. The Cabinet Secretary confirms in her response that the UK Government still has not done so publicly.

The Welsh Government's observer status in UK-EU meetings is another serious concern. Whilst Welsh Government officials can propose an agenda item and influence discussion, it is questionable whether this status allows them to fully represent Wales. In our previous report on UK-EU governance, the committee concluded there was a strong and compelling case, with broad consensus among stakeholders, for further inclusion of devolved institutions in formal governance structures. We were concerned by the Cabinet Secretary's view that observer status is sufficient and reject the argument put forward that EU member states also have observer status. This misses a key point. The EU's competence extends only so far as it is conferred on it by member states, meaning that the trade and co-operation agreement is wholly in the EU's competence. It's the exact opposite of the UK constitutional reserved model, where the TCA cuts across reserved and devolved competencies.

On alignment and divergence to and from EU rules, we welcome the commitment to working with other Governments to develop a centralised mechanism for monitoring and ask that the Cabinet Secretary provides a timetable for these discussions.

I'm going to move on now to how Welsh stakeholders are represented in UK-EU relations. In 2021, the culture committee first noted that Welsh stakeholders' involvement in UK-EU relations has reduced since Brexit and warned they would likely reduce further. We have drawn the same conclusion on several occasions and note with regret that in the absence of UK Government funding to support organisations to participate, the Welsh Government has not stepped in. Indeed, the general attitude to stakeholders in the Cabinet Secretary's response to our report is alarming. It says it has no record of how it has engaged with the review of membership of the UK trade and co-operation agreement advisory group, nor of steps it took to raise awareness of that review. When asked to explain how it links to its own advisory group, the response astonishingly states that no deliberate effort is made to ensure a link at all. The Welsh Government is aware, as we all are, of the resource challenges Welsh organisations face, and it should be proactive in ensuring that civil society's voice is heard.

Finally, the Welsh Government has not published any Wales-specific information, advice or guidance on the trade and co-operation agreement since 2021. This is incredible. It is one of the most significant international treaties that will ever be considered by the Senedd. As Members, we've all had to navigate different aspects of its 2,500 pages with the help of our officials. This is no easy task. In the response, the Cabinet Secretary commits to developing guidance when EU-UK negotiations have concluded, both for the implementation review and for the latest plan in the common understanding agreement. This unfortunately falls short of the trade and co-operation agreement assessment requested by the economy committee. It also begs the question of when the guidance will be produced.

The common understanding sets out new arrangements that need to be negotiated both now and in the future. There will be different negotiations with different arrangements. At what point will the Welsh Government draw the line? Is the intention to produce guidance as each set of negotiations concludes? Will this be published or shared with Senedd committees? Perhaps the Cabinet Secretary can address these questions.

In conclusion, Dirprwy Lywydd, we understand that many aspects of the UK-EU relationship are outside the control and influence of the Welsh Government. That is why it is so important that the Welsh Government tells us today, not just us as Senedd Members, but the organisations and the public who are watching, what it is doing that is within its control.

Samuel Kurtz (Conservative, Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire)

It's been very interesting and fascinating listening to this debate. As a new Member—I obviously wasn't here in the previous Senedd when we were still members of the European Union—coming in following the referendum vote and understanding the Senedd's role within the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union is something that I have really enjoyed getting my teeth stuck into. I have been very fortunate to have attended the UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly with my good friend Alun Davies and the Deputy First Minister, when he was previously the Chair of the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee.

That was where I really saw that maybe Wales's voice is not being represented. Alun and I sent a joint letter saying that we needed speaking rights within the PPA as a Senedd. I think that was wholly important, and that is something that I still think, going forward, we need to champion—our ability to contribute in the PPA. That is something that I think is long-standing, that commitment.

It was only through the relationships forged behind the scenes by the now Deputy First Minister, by myself, by Alun Davies, by Luke Fletcher as well—who is a representative of the Economy, Trade and Rural Affairs Committee, who also attends the UK-EU PPA—that we were able to get Welsh concerns, Welsh opportunities, Welsh challenges raised at the PPA. I think that was beneficial, but it should be formalised. So, that is one of my biggest takeaways from this.

I wanted to keep my remarks short. I concur with much of what Hannah Blythyn has said on behalf of the Economy, Trade and Rural Affairs Committee. But what I found quite refreshing was—and it has been stressed a number of times here today—the cross-working of a number of committees, because our relationship with the European Union does lean into every single one of the committees that the Senedd has and is represented. So, it's right that when something of this importance comes together, we as a Senedd are able to be flexible in how we scrutinise, how we challenge the Government, because that is our role as backbenchers, to challenge and scrutinise the Government and ensure that they are doing the best to represent Wales and Wales's interests. So, I have really enjoyed the ability to do that on this cross-committee basis.

I would like to commend the hard work of the Commission staff as well, who have really worked tirelessly on this. Sometimes it is like herding cats with us as committee members and backbenchers, but I think the quality of the piece of work that has come out from this is a testament to that strength of working and to the chairmanship of all those who chair the committees as well. Diolch yn fawr.

Adam Price (Plaid Cymru, Carmarthen East and Dinefwr)

The TCA review is an opportunity for us to stocktake on where we are. I think the four committees are to be commended on the level of detail in the report and the 55 recommendations, but if I can sum it up, we are in a mess, aren't we? The WTO last week produced their first post-Brexit review of UK trade, and it was pretty sobering reading, wasn't it? It showed the decline, relatively speaking, in goods exports. We're still, the UK, 17 per cent, in total volume of exports, below where we were in 2018.

At the same time, there’s been a huge increase, of course, in services exports—up 73 per cent since 2010—and what that means is that the UK now is the only G7 economy where service exports are greater than goods exports. And, of course, that has been accelerated by Brexit. And where does that hurt? Well, that hurts parts of the UK like Wales, because we are more reliant on goods exports with our manufacturing and agricultural bases, and, of course, we have smaller companies, by and large, as well. As the WTO pointed out, large companies can cope with regulatory and political risk, et cetera, and there were no risks bigger than Brexit. Smaller companies can't, because they don't have the capacity and the scope to do it. So we have been hurt the hardest.

There's no point wallowing in despair. So what are we going to do? I think that we can take a leaf, maybe, out of Northern Ireland's book. They're in a far more fortunate position than us. They are the bridge, aren't they? They are the bridge between the EU and the UK. Well, maybe we can be the beacon. We can be the lighthouse by which we can steer the UK. Maybe together, maybe Wales on its own can steer a path back to the EU, step by step. They are the gatehouse, we can be the greenhouse of new ideas, sector by sector, which allow us to get closer to our main trading partners.

For example, we can lead by example on environmental alignment. We saw last week concern that EU officials have been expressing in terms of the infrastructure and planning Bill. We discussed that yesterday—that trying to, basically, engage in a race to the bottom in order to promote economic growth through cutting back on environmental standards could break the level playing field rules of the TCA. That's not the way to drive economic development. What we should be doing—and I hope the next Government, a Plaid Cymru Government, will do this—is passing an alignment Act so that we can send out a message to the EU, practically and symbolically, that we want to align with the best in class of environmental standards right across the piece, because that's the way that we want to drive economic development, by driving up standards.

On exports, how do we respond to the reduction, relatively speaking, in exports? We don't do what the UK Government is doing by actually sacking 20 per cent of the export promotion officers in embassies right across the world. Madness—absolute madness. We need to set up our own development agency with an export promotion arm, increasing our footprint of representation in key markets so that we can actually drive up Welsh exports, working with businesses, sector by sector, the length and breadth of Wales.

We need to be working more closely with Ireland, but let's actually crystallise that in a practical way. When the political declaration was signed, there was a commitment that the UK Government would revisit participation in the European Investment Bank. The EIB used to invest a lot in Wales, in infrastructure and business. Nothing has been done. Let's lead on that with Ireland, because there are plenty of shared investment opportunities in the Celtic sea and in terms of infrastructure, et cetera, where we could, with the EIB, co-invest in projects that benefited both Wales and Ireland. We could do it. There's a mechanism to do that in the EIB's constitution. They already invest in the European Free Trade Association. EFTA's outside of the EU. They've invested €800 million in the last three years in the Nordic countries. Why couldn't Wales, sitting down with the Republic of Ireland, through the co-operation agreement that we have with the Republic, come to the table and say, 'Let's have the EIB investing jointly in Wales and Ireland'? These are the kind of practical ideas whereby we can symbolise, in ways that are going to deliver to our communities, our intention to work as closely as we can with our European partners.

Alun Davies (Labour, Blaenau Gwent)

I agree very much with what's been said by other Members about the importance of committees working together and collaborating on these matters. I sat on two of the four committees that examined this, so I did a fair amount of collaborating with myself on this report. But one of the most striking features of the evidence that we took—and we took evidence from a wide range of stakeholders on these matters—was the unanimity of the evidence that we received. Quite often, of course, you can take evidence on something like this and have wildly different interpretations and viewpoints, which makes the synthesising of the report almost impossible. But on this there was unanimity.

Alun Davies (Labour, Blaenau Gwent)

I can think of no witness who came in front of our committees who said that Brexit had benefited Wales. I can't think of a single witness. I can't think of anybody who said, 'Do you know what? Wales has benefited from Brexit.' We spoke to people from across different sectors. One of the most heartbreaking things, actually, was speaking to people like musicians, who had been travelling around Europe, sharing our culture across the European continent—our common civilisation—and they listed all the barriers to that now. Creating barriers between peoples: it's the most heartbreaking thing that I can think of. We've heard—and Hannah explained this afternoon—about the decline in volumes of trade. Now, if anybody needs to know why we're in the economic situation that we're in today, you need to do no more than read that chapter of the report. The reduced volumes of trade lead to the reductions in tax available to the economy and to the Government, and lead directly, then, to some of the issues that we have in our public services. What Brexit has been successful in doing, of course, is creating barriers, costs and bureaucracy. There are a number of people who spoke about the additional costs to businesses and the inability of businesses to export in the way that they used to do. All of these issues are creating more complexity in an economy, and anybody who's run a business will tell you that you need less complexity, fewer barriers, you need more open borders, and you need to be able to trade to create wealth, which can then be redistributed. This is GCSE stuff. And yet, the Government of the United Kingdom at the time created those barriers and they described it as a triumph of democracy. Well, it's certainly not what Winston Churchill had in mind when he spoke about the creation of a European Union in his Zurich speech at the end of the second world war. And it certainly isn't what anybody put to the British people in 2016.

So, we have here a unanimity, both from committees and from the evidence received. So, what do we do in order to take these matters forward? I think we need to reinvent some of our own democracy, in fact, because one thing that the withdrawal Act demonstrates is the importance of parliamentary scrutiny. Those of us who were Members at the time remember being brought back here after Christmas, before the new year—I'm sure the Presiding Officer will remind me exactly when it was. My memory is that it was the end of December; I might be wrong. But we were brought back here for an afternoon to pass a consent motion: brought back here for an afternoon to pass a consent motion in an hour on one of the most far-reaching pieces of legislation that I can remember us debating in this place in the time that I've been a Member. In Westminster, they had 12 hours. And what we've seen since then, of course, is the work that was done by the European Parliament, where they had several months to do the same piece of work, and they were able to identify all the issues that have plagued our relationship with the European Union since that date. And that is the importance of parliamentary scrutiny.

So, I think it is important that here as a Parliament we emphasise the importance of our committees, of our voices, being heard when legislation is placed in front of us. But we need to then move forward. I was disappointed that the First Minister didn't give evidence on this matter, and I was disappointed by the quality of evidence from the Welsh Government, if I'm quite honest with you. Welsh Government does do some exemplary work. The work of Derek Vaughan in Brussels I think is first class. But the Welsh Government doesn't seem to want to talk about it, and I'm astonished by that. I'm astonished that the Welsh Government doesn't seem to want to set real objectives for the future. What is our future relationship going to look like? What is it that the Welsh Government wants to see from this relationship? We've been through the review, which took place last year, which still hasn't been implemented, of course, and there has been a better relationship since the general election of 2024, that's absolutely clear. But there are still fundamental issues caused by the disaster of Brexit, and what I hope we'll be able to do—and I will come to a conclusion now, Presiding Officer—is that we are able ourselves, as a Parliament, to set out the route that we want Wales to follow.

Now, I know that the Cabinet Secretary responding to this debate is as fervent a European as I am, and I know that she would like to see—I think I know, at least—Wales and the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union. And what we need to do, I believe, as parliamentarians, is to say that out loud and clear. The best interests of the people of Wales are served by being members of the European Union and taking our place again in the leadership of this continent and not scuttling and running away from the responsibilities that leadership delivers.

Gareth Davies (Conservative, Vale of Clwyd)

I'd like to begin by acknowledging the hard work of the Culture, Communications, Welsh Language, Sport and International Relations Committee in producing our section of this report, along with the essential work of the clerks and committee staff and, indeed, those across the committees who all contributed to the UK-EU implementation review of the TCA. It provides a valuable overview of how the trade and co-operation agreement continues to shape Wales's cultural and international landscape, but as Conservatives and supporters of Brexit, we have a responsibility to make sure this conversation is rooted in opportunity and optimism, not nostalgia for EU membership. It's clear from the evidence we've seen that many organisations who gave evidence still see re-entry to the single market, the customs union or even freedom of movement as solutions to the challenges they face. I respect those views, but I have to say plainly that debate on those is over. The people of the United Kingdom, and most importantly of Wales, voted to leave the EU, and our task should be to make Brexit work for Wales, not to re-run the arguments of 2016 or drift towards re-entry by stealth.

There are strong arguments for re-evaluating elements of the single market, but rejoining the customs union would be incredibly foolish, given that it was always the most harmful aspect of our membership, particularly as we sell more outside of the European Union than to the EU, and this was the case when we were still a member of the EU and something we were penalised for. The trade and co-operation agreement gives the UK full control over its trade, its borders and its laws. It also allows us to tailor solutions where they are needed, which is sensible. And that is exactly how we should approach issues like the touring arts, creative mobility and youth exchange, through practical targeted agreements, not by signing away sovereignty or regulatory control.

I welcome the UK Government's common understanding with the EU earlier this year, which recognised the value of cultural exchange and set the stage for constructive talks on youth mobility and travel for artists. These are the kinds of incremental steps that will deliver results without compromising the freedoms that Brexit secured. However, I must say that the Welsh Government's approach has too often lacked focus. Instead of calling for even broader EU strategies or hinting at rejoining multiple EU programmes, Ministers should be concentrating on how to use these powers that they already have. Programmes like Taith, designed and delivered here in Wales, show that international exchange doesn’t depend on Brussels. They demonstrate that we can design something more flexible, more inclusive and better suited to Welsh needs.

And while it is right that we can maintain close working relationships with European partners, I do find it disappointing that so much of the Welsh Government's rhetoric still suggests that the only route to success lies through EU structures. Where are the new partnerships with Canada, Japan or Australia? Where is the same energy for strengthening our global links through the UK's new trade deals? I’m also concerned that Labour Members of the Senedd are calling for Britain's re-entry into the European Union, and two of the Members in question have set up a cross-party group on this subject. So, I'd like the Welsh Government to clarify whether this is the official position of the Welsh Labour Party, to rejoin the European Union, and I'd be grateful if the Cabinet Secretary could make that clear in her response to this debate.

On data protection and adequacy, too, I'd like to stress the importance of balance. Businesses need certainty when trading with the EU, but we should also celebrate the UK's ability to develop a more innovation-friendly data regime that supports growth and does not stifle it.

So, Llywydd, while this report raises legitimate issues, particularly around communication between Governments and the cultural impacts of the TCA, we must not lose sight of the bigger picture. Brexit has given us the ability to do things differently and better if we have the confidence to use that freedom. And those in favour of rejoining the EU cite Brexit as our reason for our economic woes, but I'd like to firstly point out that the day that Brexit took effect, on 31 January 2020, was the day that the first two cases of COVID were diagnosed in the UK, leading to the worst peacetime economic disaster in our history, caused by the need to pay people to stay at home for two years.

It's worth noting that we've outgrown the eurozone since the referendum was held in 2016, so rather than continuously framing the TCA as a list of those losses, we should be looking for gains, not more creative export opportunities, stronger links with the Commonwealth and Anglosphere markets, and new forms of cultural diplomacy that reflect Wales's place in a truly global Britain. The cultural sector can still benefit from Brexit, but it requires a different mindset, one that focuses on the potential opportunities that lay outside of the union, rather than considering post-Brexit Britain as damage control.

So, in short, and to close, let's make Brexit work for the arts, for our young people and for the Welsh economy by being ambitious and outward looking, and the Welsh Government must play its part in this, rather than harking back to the past.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

The Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Planning now to contribute to the debate—Rebecca Evans.

Rebecca Evans (Labour, Gower)

Thank you. I'd like to thank all MS colleagues and also stakeholders who contributed to this work, and for the effort and the care that's gone into producing the report. It really is a comprehensive piece of work, and it covers a really wide range of important areas, and I commend all four committees for working collaboratively to produce what we've heard is the first joint report of its kind of the Senedd. The scope of the report and the need for the involvement of all four committees really does demonstrate just how many varied topics a trade negotiation can cover.

As discussion of the TCA progressed, the UK and the EU announced the new agreement in May 2025, the common understanding agreement, which set out the way forward for further co-operation between the UK and the EU. Whilst the Welsh Government welcomed this announcement, as we've always advocated for a closer association with the EU, I think this is a really good example of just how quickly the trade landscape can change and how we as a Welsh Government have to be constantly reviewing and updating our positions. There are always a large number of recommendations in a report of this kind, and I absolutely agree with the comments of the Chair in the foreword that the common themes begin to emerge in relation to the review of the TCA, and by extension to the work for the negotiations for the common understanding. Due to the large number of recommendations, I'll try and address some of the themes, as it's impossible to go through each of the recommendations individually.

An important theme that stands out is the role of the Senedd, and the role that it must have in reviewing trade negotiations. Whilst only the UK Government can conclude legally binding agreements on behalf of the four nations, many of the UK's trade agreements, such as the EU TCA and the negotiations around the common understanding, are in areas that are devolved. I recognise that it is important that the Senedd has an opportunity to scrutinise and to give a view on the range of topics that are being negotiated. But that also then has to be balanced with our obligations as a Welsh Government not to disclose information that may jeopardise those negotiations. So, I do hope that I and my officials have struck the right balance in this regard by providing information and updates to committees that allow for an overview of the direction of negotiations, whilst also not compromising those negotiations themselves.

And that's also why the Welsh Government has committed to producing a report, our perspectives document, on key trade agreements only once we are able to provide information. These reports will enable the Senedd to understand and scrutinise how each agreement might impact Wales, and this is something that we will continue to do for the EU negotiations once they are complete.

I'd like to now turn to discuss how our views are represented in the ongoing discussions between the UK and the EU, and this is something that all committees were interested in. We've always been an open, outward-looking nation, with international goods exports accounting for a larger proportion of our economy here in Wales than any other UK nation. And whilst this has brought opportunities, it's also brought risks, with Wales's economy perhaps more exposed to changes in trading relationships than elsewhere in the UK. The Centre for European Reform found that, at the end of 2024, UK trade intensity remained 3.5 per cent lower than pre-pandemic levels. In addition, UK trade volumes have grown by just 1 per cent on 2019 levels in real terms, compared to 8 per cent growth in both the G7 and the EU. So, that really highlights the relatively poor trade performance of the UK and Wales due to the UK's exit from the EU.

The impact of EU exit has been felt right across Wales, impacting on a range of sectors, increasing trade barriers for Welsh business, ending the free movement of people, and impacting on the ability of young people to live and travel overseas. The EU remains our most important trading partner and, as the UK begins to reset its relationship with the EU, it is vital that the views of the devolved nations are heard in these negotiations to ensure that any new arrangements are representative of and beneficial to all parts of the UK.

The Welsh Government maintains and is developing active relationships with many EU institutions, regions and networks. We're committed to constructive engagement with the EU to ensure mutual benefit through continued collaboration. Retaining the Brussels office is a programme for government commitment and our proactive engagement has raised Wales's profile and credibility with EU partners, despite the previously challenging backdrop of EU-UK relations. We are pleased with the new, more positive direction of the EU-UK relationship and we're focused on ensuring that Wales's distinct priorities are represented at EU-UK discussions on the TCA and new agreements resulting from the EU-UK summit earlier this year.

Our teams in Wales, Brussels and across Europe are dedicated to delivering the Welsh Government's international delivery plan, published earlier this year, which has a clear focus on European engagement. I've heard the concern from committee members that the UK Government will not adequately engage with us on the negotiations that follow the common understanding, particularly in devolved areas. Given that these negotiations have not yet begun, it's impossible for us to say if this will be the case, however early indications and engagement to date suggest that the UK Government does understand that, in areas such as SPS, these matters are devolved and any implementation of any agreement will be the responsibility of the devolved Governments, and this means that we must have a role in forming the UK's position before negotiations and deciding what is ultimately agreed.

We have ministerial engagement with the UK Government through our inter-ministerial group structures, but we are seeking reassurances that these structures will adapt to take into account the pace of negotiations. At an official level, we've also had positive engagement to date with the UK Government on the upcoming negotiations, which we hope will be a sign of things to come.

So, I'd once again like to thank the Senedd Members for the time they've taken in examining this issue. Trade policy is a complex and often very fast-moving area, and I hope that we can continue to work constructively together.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

I thank the Cabinet Secretary. Delyth Jewell now to reply to the debate, Chair of the committee.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

Thank you, Llywydd, and thank you to everyone who's contributed. I would like to thank the representatives of all the committees who have set out the barriers facing all of these areas, be it businesses, our environment, governance, and our ability to understand the workings of our Governments.

Delyth Jewell (Plaid Cymru, South Wales East)

Some discrepancies have been highlighted too in the information given to our various committees on the same questions at some points. It was useful to hear Members' own individual reflections—Sam's reflections on the PPA and the need for Wales's voice to be heard. And yes, Alun is right: the unanimity of the evidence we received was stark. I agree too about the heart-breaking, the heart-rending effect of hearing about the barriers being placed perversely in trade, be it monetary trade or the trade in ideas, innovation, experiences. It is not barriers we need, but to be a beacon, as Adam suggested. Nor can I disagree either with Adam's quite stark summary of the 55 recommendations, that we are indeed in a mess. But it is not a mess that should be insurmountable. There are plenty of ideas here. There is more than enough appetite for change. I thank the Cabinet Secretary for her response. I'm still not clear, though, how things will change as a result of this work. This cannot be another report that is left on a shelf. This should be a chance to change things. We must do better.

As we conclude this debate, Llywydd, I want to reflect on what this inquiry has taught us as committees, and why its findings matter for the future of Wales. This inquiry has demonstrated the complexity of the EU-UK relationship and its profound implications for Wales. The challenges before us are significant, but so too are the opportunities. It's perhaps one of the only ways in which I would agree with the points that Gareth made—we have to look, of course, at the opportunities that are provided at this crucial juncture.

The common understanding agreement signals a willingness to reset relations. Likewise, the upcoming review of the TCA provides a platform for influence and change. This is a moment for ambition, and for Wales not to be a mere passive observer in the processes that happen. We must take an active role in shaping outcomes that matter to our culture, our economy, our environment, our communities. That means championing solutions for businesses facing complex—overly complex—rules. It means advocating for creative professionals, who need workable touring arrangements. It means ensuring that young people regain opportunities for cultural and educational exchange. It means that facing transboundary challenges should be made together, from the fight against climate change to the security of our energy supplies.

We have to think strategically. A dedicated EU strategy is not a luxury; it is a necessity. It would provide clarity, coherence and a framework for engagement. Without it, we risk navigating the complexities of UK–EU relations without a clear road map, without the beacon that Adam had talked about. So, let us seize these moments with determination and with vision. This is not just about restoring what was lost. It is about building a future that works for Wales. We must ensure that Wales's voice is heard and that our relationship with the EU reflects the values and the aspirations of the people we serve.

In conclusion, Llywydd, our committees will remain vigilant in ensuring that Welsh interests are represented and that the opportunities arising from these processes are fully realised. I commend the report to the Senedd.

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

The proposal is to note the committee's report. Does any Member object? There is no objection. Therefore, the motion is agreed.

9. Plaid Cymru Debate: A national care service for Wales

Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru, Ceredigion)

Item 9 is the Plaid Cymru debate on a national care service for Wales. Mabon ap Gwynfor is moving the motion.